Introduction To Automotive Engineering.pptx

Introduction To Automotive Engineering, Lab Safety and Basic Automotive Parts

1. BASICS IN AUTOMOTIVE ENGINEERING Prepared By: Engr t Raheel Khan

2. Safety Protocols: Safety glasses, or appropriate goggles/face shields are required in the lab, whether working or not! All safety and personal protection equipment can be made available upon request from the Lab Manager. Shoes must be worn in any lab area. No one wearing sandals will be allowed to enter any lab area. The minimum footwear must cover the entire foot. Do not operate any item of test equipment unless you are familiar with its operation and have been authorized by the Lab Manager to operate it. If you have any questions regarding the use of any test equipment ALWAYS ask the Lab Manager. Avoid using compressed air to blow dirt or chips from test equipment and tools. Never use compressed air guns to clean clothing, or hair, or aim at another person. In case of ANY injury, no matter how slight, you must report it to the Lab Manager Do not attempt to remove foreign objects from the eye or body. If chemicals get in the eye(s), wash eye(s) for 15 minutes in the provided eye wash station before proceeding for medical treatment. Notify the Lab Manager immediately.

3. Safety Protocols: Machines and test equipment must be shut off when cleaning, repairing, or oiling. Do not wear ties, loose clothing, long sleeves, jewelry, gloves, etc. around moving or rotating machinery, test equipment, and tools. Long hair must be tied back or covered to keep it away from moving parts. Hand protection in the form of suitable gloves should be used for handling hot objects, glass or sharp- edged items. Do not work in the lab if tired, or in a hurry. Do not rush or take chances. Never indulge in horseplay in the lab areas. All machines and test equipment must be operated with all required guards and shields in place. Practice cleanliness and orderliness in the lab areas. Never leave a dirty piece of test equipment and clean all tools before returning them to their storage location. Keep the floor around machines and test equipment clean, dry and free from trip hazards. Food and drinks are allowed in the automotive systems lab, but only in the general working area or open lab space and well away from any chemicals or contaminants. No food or drinks are allowed inside the lab.

4. Safety Protocols: If you have not worked with a particular material or chemical before, check the hazardous materials data sheets for any specific precautions to be taken while working with the material. Heavy sanding and painting should only be done in well ventilated areas, preferably outside. Follow all appropriate precautions when working with solvents, paints, adhesives or other chemicals. Use appropriate personal protective equipment. Check the power cords and plugs on portable tools before using them. Always store oily rags in an approved metal container. OBEY ALL POSTED SIGNS, WARNINGS, POSTERS AND SPECIAL INSTRUCTIONS . OBEY ALL SAFETY RULES AT ALL TIMES.

5. HISTORY OF AUTOMOBILE

6. SPARK PLUG To ignite the air/fuel mixture. Electrical energy is transmitted through the  spark plug , jumping the gap in the  plugs  firing end if the voltage supplied to the  plug  is high enough. This electrical  spark  ignites the gasoline/air mixture in the combustion chamber. To remove heat from the combustion chamber.

7. The  carburetor  has two swiveling valves above and below the venturi . At the top, there's a valve called the choke that regulates how much air can flow in. If the choke is closed, less air flows down through the pipe and the venturi sucks in more fuel, so the engine gets a fuel-rich mixture CARBURETOR

8. FUEL INJECTOR Fuel injectors are small electro-mechanical devices that are used to spray fuel into the intake manifold directly in front of the intake valve. The injector has a final high micron filter in the top inlet side and small hypodermic-sized holes on the bottom for the atomizing of fuel. The fuel acts as a lubricating agent for the injector. Water in the fuel is extremely damaging to the injectors due to the fact that it displaces the lubricating properties of the fuel.

9. CLUTCH Most cars use a friction  clutch  operated either by fluid ( hydraulic ) or, more commonly, by a cable. When a car is moving under power, the  clutch  is engaged. A pressure plate bolted to the flywheel exerts constant force , by means of a diaphragm spring, on the driven plate .

10. FLYWHEEL A  flywheel  is a rotating mechanical device that is used to store rotational energy.  Flywheels  have an inertia called the moment of inertia and thus resist changes in rotational speed. The amount of energy stored in a  flywheel  is proportional to the square of its rotational speed.

11. DIFFERENTIAL The automotive  differential  is designed to drive a pair of wheels while allowing them to rotate at different speeds. In vehicles without a  differential , such as karts, both driving wheels are forced to rotate at the same speed, usually on a common  axle  driven by a simple chain-drive mechanism.

12. BRAKES Pressing the  brake  pedal forces fluid out of the master cylinder along the  brake  pipes to the slave cylinders at the wheels; the master cylinder has a reservoir that keeps it full. Modern  cars  have  brakes on all four wheels, operated by a hydraulic  system  . The  brakes  may be disc type or drum type.

13. TRANSMISSION A  manual transmission , also known as a  manual gearbox , stick shift, n-speed  manual  (where n is its number of forward gear ratios),  standard , MT, or in colloquial U.S. English, a stick (for  vehicles  with hand-lever shifters), is a type of  transmission  used in motor vehicle applications .

14. SUSPENSION Part of car front  suspension  and steering mechanism: tie rod, steering arm, king pin axis (using ball joints). Suspension  is the  system  of tires, tire air, springs, shock absorbers and linkages that connects a vehicle to its wheels and allows relative motion between the two.

15. CATALYTIC CONVERTER In order to reduce air pollution, modern automobiles are equipped with a device called a  catalytic converter  that reduces emissions of three harmful compounds found in car  exhaust: Carbon monoxide (a poisonous gas) Nitrogen oxides (a cause of smog and acid rain) Hydrocarbons (a cause of smog)

16. TURBOCHARGER It uses the exhaust gas to drive a turbine. This spins an air compressor that pushes extra air (and oxygen) into the cylinders, allowing them to burn more fuel each second. That's why a turbocharged  car can produce more power

17. SUPER CHARGER A  supercharger  is an air compressor that increases the pressure or density of air supplied to an internal combustion engine. This gives each intake cycle of the engine more oxygen, letting it burn more fuel and do more work, thus increasing power. Power for the supercharger can be provided mechanically by means of a belt, gear, shaft, or chain connected to the engine's crankshaft.

18. AERODYNAMICS OF A CAR Four kinds of Forces may act on a Automotive Body : Lift Drag Down Force Thrust

19. LIFT It is the sum of all the dynamic forces on a body normal to the direction of external flow around the body.

20. DRAG It is the sum of all the dynamic forces in the direction of fluid flow, so it acts opposite to the direction of object.

21. DOWNFORCE Downforce  is a downwards thrust created by the  aerodynamic  characteristics of a  car . The purpose of downforce is to allow a car to travel faster through a corner by increasing the vertical force on the tires, thus creating more  grip .

22. THRUST Force produced in the opposite direction to drag that is higher than drag so the body can move through the fluid(air).