Introduction to Biochemistry and Clinical Pathology

A brief introduction to the subject of biochemistry and clinical pathology. This introduction will give readers a quick overall view of this subject. All types of queries and suggestions are most welcome.

1. Welcome To Pharmacy

2. INTRODUCTION TO BIOCHEMISTRY And CLINICAL PATHOLOGY (subject code:0808 ) Presented by DHANANJAY R. PATIL M. Pharma . (Pharmaceutical Chemistry)

3. What is Biochemistry

4. Biochemistry is the study of  chemical process  within and relating to living  organism. The science that is concerned with the structures, interactions, and transformations of biological molecules. Biochemistry deals with the structures, functions and interactions of biological  macromolecules . The chemistry of life . DEFINATION

5. Biochemistry can be subdivided three principal areas Structural chemistry- determines molecular geometry, configuration, dynamical structure Metabolism-   describe all chemical reactions involved in maintaining the living state of the cells and the organism Molecular genetics- The chemistry of processes and substances that store and transmit biological information

6. Proteins Polypeptides Amino acids Carbohydrates Lipids Vitamins Enzymes Chemistry , Role , Classification, Qualitative tests, Diseases related to metabolism SYLLABUS SYLLABUS FOR THEORY Introduction to biochemistry:

7. Therapeutics: Introduction to pathology of blood and urine: Blood Related - Lymphocytes and platelets, their role in health and disease. Erythrocytes-Abnormal cells and their significance. Urine Related - Abnormal constituents of urine and their significance in diseases.

8. Cell: The basic structural , functional , and biological unit of all known living organisms. The cell is the fundamental unit of life. Also called the " building blocks of life " Cells are composed of : Small molecules Macromolecules organelles Introduction to Biochemistry

9. Prokaryotes : A  prokaryote  is a unicellular organism that lacks a  membrane -bound  nucleus ,  mitochondria , or any other membrane-bound organelle. -Amoeba

10. Eukaryotic cells : These are organism whose cells have a nucleus enclosed within membrane. animal cells plant cells (chloroplasts and cell walls)

11. Biochemistry and Life Percent of Total Cell Weight Number of Types of Each Molecules Water 70 1 Inorganic ions 1 20 Sugars and precursors 3 200 Amino acids and precursors 0.4 100 Nucleotides and precursors 0.4 200 Lipids and precursors 2 50 Other small molecules 0.2 ~200 Macromolecules 22 ~5000 The Approximate Chemical Composition of Bacterial Cell

12. The Chemicals Of Life Water - All life forms contains Water Organic Compounds- Nucleic acid Protein Carbohydrates Fats & Lipids Inorganic element Bulk element (N, Na, Mg, P, S, Cl , K & Ca) Traces elements ( Fe, Zn, I)

13. Biochemistry and Life Expect for water, most of the molecules found in the cell are macromolecules , can be classified into four different categories: Carbohydrates Proteins Lipids Nucleic acids

14. Carbohydrates Like lipids, contain a carbon backbone, but they also contain many polar hydroxyl (-OH) groups and therefore very soluble in water. A  biomolecule  consisting of  carbon  (C),  hydrogen  (H) and  oxygen  (O) atoms, usually with a hydrogen–oxygen  atom  ratio of 2:1 Empirical formula   C n (H 2 O) n   Starch and sugars are the most important carbohydrates in human diet Serve for the storage of  energy   Play key roles in the  immune system ,  fertilization , preventing pathogenesis , blood clotting , development .

15. Carbohydrate Structures

16. Protein Rich Foods

17. Proteins & Amino acids Are the most complex macromolecules of every cell in the body. They are composed of linear polymers called polypeptides, which contain amino acids connected by peptide bond. 20 amino acids are commonly found in protein. These 20 amino acids are linked together through “peptide bond forming peptides and proteins (what’s the difference?). The chains containing less than 50 amino acids are called “peptides”, while those containing greater than 50 amino acids are called “proteins”.

18. Is an To build and repair tissues. Protein important building block of bones, muscles, cartilage, skin, and blood .  Serve as a fuel source. It provide as much  energy density   as   carbohydrates . Amino Acids are the building units of proteins. Proteins are polymers of amino acids linked together by what is called “ Peptide bond”. There are about 300 amino acids occur in nature. Only 20 of them occur in proteins.

19. Structure of amino acids: Each amino acid has 4 different groups attached to α - carbon ( which is C-atom next to COOH). These 4 groups are : amino group, COOH group, Hydrogen atom and side Chain (R) R

20. Amino Acids Structures

21. Lipids Are primarily hydrocarbon structures. A  lipid  is a  biomolecule  that is soluble in nonpolar solvents. Formed mainly from alcohol and fatty acids combined together by ester linkage. The functions of lipids include storing energy,  signaling , and acting as structural components of  cell membranes . Lipids have applications in the cosmetic and food  industries  as well as in  nanotechnology

22. Lipid Structure

23. SYLLABUS FOR PRACTICALS 1. To identify given sample of Carbohydrate by qualitative tests (6) Glucose Lactose Fructose Sucrose Maltose Starch 2. To identify given sample of Amino acid by qualitative tests (5) Tryptophan Tyrosine Cystein Arginine Glycine 3. To identify given milk sample of Protein by qualitative tests (Casein)

24. 4. To identify given sample of Protein by Quantitative tests (3) Albumin Gelatin Casein 5. To study physical and chemical properties of fats & oil (2) 6. Analysis of normal and abnormal constituents of Blood and Urine Glucose, urea, creatine, cretinine, cholesterol, alkaline phosphatatase acid phosphatase, Bilirubin, SGPT, SGOT, calcium, Diastase, Lipase 7. Examination of sputum and faeces (microscopic & staining). 8. Practice in injecting drugs by intramuscular, subcutaneous and intravenous routes, withdrawal of blood samples  

25. Sr.no Title Author 1 Comprehensible Viva & Practical Biochemistry Deb A C 2 Concept Of Biochemistry Deb A C 3 Practical Biochemistry Agarkar P H , Kulkarni J S 4 Practical Biochemistry Gaund R S , Gupta G D 5 Fundamental Of Biochemistry Deb A C 6 Biochemistry For Medical Students Haridas N 7 Essentials Of Biochemistry Satyanarayana U 8 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Ushir Yogesh , Singh Sudarshan 9 Biochemistry Kulkarni M V , Thonte S S , Rathod S S 10 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Fursule R A , Kulkarni J S 11 Pharmaceutical Biochemistry Sawant S D , Aland G R 12 Biochemistry Berg J M , Tymocko J L , Stryer L 13 Outlines Of Biochemistry   Cohn E E , Stunpf P K 14 An Introduction To Practical Biochemistry Plummer David T 15 Harpers Illustrated Biochemistry Radwell W , Bender David BOOKS FOR BIOCHEMIstry