Introduction to biochemistry medical note.pptx

Best introduction to biochemistry

1. BIOCHEMISRY Gobena D

2. Teaching Methods : Lecture Brainstorming Group discussion Group or individual assignments with presentation 3/11/2021 2

3. Assessments Progressive assessment …………………………..50 % Assignments, Mid exam and Quiz Attendance and class activities/participation Final examination………………………………….50% 3/11/2021 BIOCHEM 3

4. Assessments Type of Examination : Multiple choice questions, Short answers, Essays (minimum) Matching, Completion and True or F alse (Optional ) Assignments evaluation through: Evolution of documents and presentation skill Evolution active group members participation during presentation Grading: Fixed scale 4

5. General Objective : After completing this course, the student will be able to: Define biochemistry Discuss importance of biochemistry for health professional with respect to: Treatment , prognosis and diagnosis and screening Correlate the biochemical processes with health & disease Explain the biochemical aspects of human life Outline the transmission & expression of genetic information Correlate the biochemical processes with health & disease 5

6. Introduction to Biochemistry 3/11/2021 BIOCHEM 6

7. What is Biochemistry ? 3/11/2021 BIOCHEM 7

8. What is biochemistry? Biochemistry can be defined as the science of the chemical basis of life ( Greek bios “life”). Biochemistry is the language of biology It is the science that study about chemical constituents of living cells and t he reactions and processes they undergo. According to this definition, Biochemistry encompasses large areas of cell biology , molecular biology and genetics. Biochemistry describe & explain all biochemical processes of living cells at molecular level. In general Biochemistry is the study of the chemistry of life processes 8

9. Role of Biochemistry To evaluate nutritive value of different types nutrient. Development and exploitation of better genotypes Removal and inactivation of toxic factors present in food Food preservation and processing technology Biochemistry of disease pathogenesis in human being. Vaccine development Identification receptor and mechanism of drug action 3/11/2021 BIOCHEM 9

10. Role of biochemistry Cont … Biochemistry helps to understand the biochemical changes and related physiological alteration in the body. Pathophysiology of any disease is studied through biochemical changes. Figure 1: Biomolecule Basis of D ifferent D iseases 3/11/2021 10

11. Classification of Biochemistry Descriptive biochemistry : deals with qualitative and quantitative nature of Biomolecules in the living cells, such as: Water , Micro molecules which include Vitamins & Minerals Macromolecules (carbohydrates, proteins , lipids & nucleic acids ) Dynamic biochemistry : deals with the reactions, mechanisms of reactions & regulation in the cells. 3/11/2021 BIOCHEM 11

12. Brief introduction to Metabolism and Enzymes Metabolism : the sum total of chemical reactions in the living cell/organism It is also define as the sum of all chemical changes of a compound inside the body Can be of three types: Catabolism : break down or degradation reactions. Examples: digestion, oxidation of glucose… 2. Anabolism : Synthetic reactions Examples: Synthesis of proteins, nucleic acids (DNA & RNA) 3. Amphibolic pathways (Central M etabolism ) It is amphipathic or has dual purpose; e.g. Krebs cycle

13. 3/11/2021 13 Figure 2: Catabolic and Anabolic Pathway

14. Figure 3: General M etabolic R outes for D ietary in the Body 3/11/2021 14

15. Atoms Molecules (biomolecules) Organelles Cells Tissues Organs Organ Systems Organisms Populations Communities Ecosystems Biosphere The Hierarchy of Life

16. carbon atom organ system DNA molecule organelle cell tissue organ organism population community ecosystem biosphere Levels of Sturctural Organization

17. 17 Levels of structural organization in the human body.

18. Cellular Components 3/11/2021 18 Each cell has four common components: Plasma membrane Nucleus (Region containing DNA), Cytoplasm Biochemical molecules & biochemical pathways Non-membrane-limited organelles : ribosomes, cytoskeleton, centriole Membrane-limited organelles : Nucleus, endoplasmic reticulum (ER), Golgi apparatus (GA), lysosomes, mitochondria, peroxisomes

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20. Elemental Composition of the Living S ystem More than 99% of the elements in animals’ bodies are, carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen. Most of the H and O occur as H 2 O , which alone make 60-70% of cell mass. These elements are the major constituents of biomolecules , on which most living organisms depend. Proteins (10-20%), Nucleic acids (7-10%) , Polysaccharides (2-5%) and lipids (3%) are account of weight of the cell. The seven essential mineral elements ( Na, K, Ca , Mg, Cl , S and P) account only about 0.5% of the body mass .

21. Categories: Lipids (3%) Proteins(10- 20%) Nucleic Acids (7%) Carbohydrates (2-5%) Four Major Biomolecules:

22. Table: Caloric Content of Four Major Biomolecules

23. The Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE) DEE is the amount of fuel individual need per day. DEE = REE + Certain % of REE Resting energy expenditure (REE): When a person is awakened and his or her heat production or oxygen consumption is measured, he or she is no longer sleeping or totally at mental rest A rough estimate of the REE is obtained by assuming: 24 kcal/day/kg body weights and multiplying by the body weight. NOTES : 30% of REE for a very sedentary person 70 of REE for person engages in about 2 hours exercise per day 100% of REE for a person who does several hours of heavy exercise per day .

24. The Daily Energy Expenditure (DEE) DEE is affected by different factors; Gender (males higher than females) Body temperature (increased with fever) Environmental temperature (increased in cold) Thyroid status (increased in hyperthyroidism) Pregnancy and lactation (increased) Age (decreases with age)

25. Classification of Living Cells 25 3/11/2021

26. CELL Cells are the functional and structural unit of all life. D ifferent biochemical reactions takes place in the cell. On the basis of differences in cell structure , all life forms are divided into three major classes. Prokaryotes Eukaryote Archaea 26 3/11/2021

27. Group Discussion Discuss the difference and similarity of E ukaryotic and Prokaryotic cells 3/11/2021 By Teklu, AMU 27

28. Prokaryotes Bacteria and blue green algae are example of p rokaryotes They are the simplest living cells and unicellular (1–10µm) Prokaryotes have cell wall outside the plasma membrane The cell interior (cytoplasm or cytosol) usually contains a single , circular chromosome. P rokaryotes contain plasmids [(DNA) molecules with limited genetic information and RNA, ribosomes (sites of protein synthesis) 3/11/2021 28

29. Prokaryotes cont … Pili found on the surface of a prokaryote , which allow it to attach to other cells surfaces and also involved in conjugation ( a “mating” process). Flagella allows the cell to swim by rotational motion. Figure 1. Structure of prokaryote 3/11/2021 29

30. 2. Eukaryote Eukaryotes are defined by their possession of membrane-enclosed organelles. Have specialized metabolic functions They Larger than prokaryotes: 10–100µm in diameter. Many eukaryotes are multicellular (e.g. Plant, animals & fungi) Figure 3. Eukaryote structure 3/11/2021 30

31. Archaea Exhibit properties of both prokaryote and eukaryote cells. In terms of energy production and metabolism Archaea are similar with prokaryote cells However in terms of genes expression they are similar with eukaryotes cells ; i.e. R eplication, transcription and translation Beyond this Archaea also possess some biochemical peculiarities . E.g. They tend to inhabit extreme environments: Like Thermo philes and Halo philes 3/11/2021 31

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33. Summary: Comparison Between Eukaryotic & Prokaryotic C ells

34. Quiz (5%) Both is a midwifery student with 70 Kg body weight. His dietary analysis showed: 190 g of carbohydrate, 90 g of protein and 100g of fat per day. Based on the above scenario; Calculate the energy he obtained from those dietary complex's in kilocalories. Calculate his ideal daily energy expenditure (DEE) and compare with his actual one

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