Introduction to bioethics

bioethics

1. Introduction to

2. Group members Faiza F arrukh Anam M unir Atiqa I shtiaq Ayesha B ibi

3. Ethics involves the set of rules that society have agreed about living with other people for minimums, which are human rights.

4. Bioethics Bioethics  is a branch of ethics, which is the interdisciplinary study of problems created by biological and medical progress (micro and macrosocial level), and its impact in society and value system, both for now and for the future.

5. The birth of bioethics Bioethics was preceded by medical ethics, which focused primarily on issues arising out of the physician–patient relationship. The ancient Hippocratic literature (which includes but is not limited to the Hippocratic Oath) enjoins doctors to use their knowledge and powers to benefit the sick, to heal and not to harm, to preserve life, and to keep in the strictest confidence information that ought not to be spread about (though precisely what must be kept confidential is not detailed).

6. These basic values and principles remain an essential part of contemporary bioethics. After the Second World War it became clear that the old medical ethics was not sufficient to meet contemporary challenges.

7. Bioethics defined In the Introduction to the 1995 revised edition of the Encyclopedia of Bioethics, Warren Thomas Reich,defined bioethics as “the systematic study of the moral dimensions—including moral vision, decisions, conduct, and policies—of the life sciences and health care, employing a variety of ethical methodologies in an interdisciplinary setting.”

8. The Coining of the Term ‘Bioethics The word bioethics was coined in the early 1970s by biologists in order to encourage public and professional reflection on two topics of urgency: 1) The responsibility to maintain the generative ecology of the planet, upon which life and human life depends 2) The future implications of rapid advances in the life sciences with regard to potential modifications of a malleable human nature

9. Bioethical theories by Anam Munir

10. Defination Ethical theory means by which we justify a particular ethical descision

11. Deontologism-duty ethics Greek; deontos: that which is binding,right,proper;deon-theory. Emphasis on universal imperatives such moral laws,duties,obligations,prohibitions. It is sometimes also called imperativism.

12. It looks on one's duties and obligations in determining what is ethical. It is also known as Duty Ethics. An ethical act is the one that meets obligations,responsibilities and duties.

13. Utilitarianism-Greatest Happiness Principle The greatest happiness of the greatest number is the test of right and wrong. Action is good if it produces as much or more good than the alternative behaviour.

14. What is useful is good and consequently. the ethical value of conduct is determined by the utility of its results. No action is instrinsically right,moral or good. Choose the action the produce the most benefits and least cost of pain and unhappiness.

15. Principle of utility By utility,we mean property in any object,whereby it tends to produce benefit,advantage ,pleasure or happiness By preventing pain,evil or unhappiness to happen.

16. it is also called Principle of Greatest Happiness - An actionis good as it produces the greatest happiness for greatest number of people,and bad it produces more harm than benefit for the greatest number of individuals.

17. Happiness for Bentham and Mill is intrinsic good. Happiness is intended pleasure and absence of pain. Pain- unhappiness Pleasure-calculus of Bentham

18. Pleasure-pain calculus Intensity The more intense the pleasure,the better. Duration the longer it lasts,the better Purity the pure the pleasure,the better Extent the grater the number of benefited,the better

19. Presented by Atiqa ishtiaq

20. Principles of Bioethics In bioethics they are four basic principles and they were proposed by Beaucham and Childress (1979): Autonomy Beneficence Non maleficence Justice

21. Grouping of principles Minimum levels: obligations that generate universal duties and these involve negative transitive duties (facts that you cannot do other people). Here, there are principles of no maleficence and justice.

22. Continue….. Maximum levels: they are related with the choice of the vital project that every person choose to depend on their scale of values. They generate imperfect obligations. Here, there are principles of autonomy and beneficence.

23. PRINCIPLE OF AUTONOMY Actions are only autonomous when it exists: Intentionality Knowledge (it is essential) Not external control (there are not pressures) Authenticity (coherence with system of values and usual attitudes of the person)

24. PRINCIPLE OF BENEFICENCE It has to act in benefit of person, but it can cause collateral effects. It is important to know that you cannot do good against the other person’s will.

25. PRINCIPLE OF NO MALEFICENCY You cannot harm unnecessary other people. Damage can be avoided not acting, with a passive attitude. However, good has done with active attitude. If someone asks you, you cannot do damage.

26. PRINCIPLE OF JUSTICE It involves to tract on the same way equal to equal and unequal to unequal. Vulnerable population have to receive an immediate benefit.

27. EXAMPLE In the 60s, researchers did a clinical trial about syphilis. They wanted to see the evolution of the disease and find an alternative to painful treatments. So, they injected syphilis viruses without information of study and its consequences.

28. OTHER IMPORTANT PRINCIPLES Principle of proportionality. Caution: based on analysis of risks. Principle of non-discrimination: all persons who must be treated equally. Principle of respect for the right to information.