INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY AND THE BRANCHES OF BIOLOGY

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1. CHAPTER#1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

2. BIOLOGY : Biology is the branch of natural science that deals with the study of life and living organisms including their structure, function, composition development , origin and interaction.

3. What is life? There is no proper definition of life. Life can be defined on the basis of life processes It can be described through different functions of living organisms. Digestion R espiration Metabolism Movement Growth D evelopment Excretion Irritability Reproduction

4. Divisions of biology: There are three major divisions of biology: ( i ) Zoology (ii) Botany (iii) Microbiology

5. ( i ) Zoology: The word Zoology is derived from Greek word, ‘ Zoon ’ meaning ‘ animals’ and ‘ Logos’ meaning ‘ study or knowledge ’ . Zoology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of animals. (ii) Botany: The word Botany is taken from Greek language, ‘ Butane ’ meaning plants and Logus meaning ‘ study or knowledge ’ . Botany is the branch of biology that deals with the study of plants. (iii) Microbiology: The word ‘micro ’ means small or minute. Microbiology is the branch of biology that deals with the study of microscopic organisms such as Bacteria, virus, fungi and algae which can be seen only with the help of microscope.

6. Branches of biology: Morphology : (Gr. Morph = form, logos= study) Morphology is the study of external form and features of living organisms. Anatomy : (Gr. ana; part/up, tome; cutting) : The study of internal parts of body of living organisms by cutting them open. Cell Biology : (L. cells, compartment, Gk. Bios= life; logos; study) It is also known as ‘cytology’. Cell biology is the study of structure, composition and function of cell and its organelles. Histology : (Gr. histos : tissue; logos, study) Histology is the study of structure, composition of tissues of plant and animals.

7. Physiology : (Gr. Physis = nature, logos = discourse) Physiology is the study of different functions and processes of living organisms. Taxonomy : (Gr. Taxis =arrangement, nomos = name) Taxonomy is the study of the rules, principles, grouping and naming for the classification of living organisms. Genetics : (Gr. genesis = descent, origin) Genetics is the study of principles and phenomena of heredity and inheritance Developmental biology : (Gr. Embryon = embryo, logos = study) The study of formation and development of embryo. Environmental biology : Environmental biology is the study of relationship between living organisms and non-living factors of environment and their effects on each other.

8. Paleontology : (Gr. palaios = ancient, ontos; being, logos: discourse) Paleontology is the study of remote past organic life with the help of fossils. Biotechnology : (Gr. technologies = techniques) Biotechnology is the study about application of techniques for manipulation of gene to bring the changes in structure and location of genes to achieve desirable characters. Socio-biology : (L. sociare = to associate) Social biology is the study of social behavior of living organisms and their interaction between themselves. Parasitology : (Gr. Para = up) Parasitology is the study of parasites and their harmful effects on other living organisms. Pharmacology : (Gr. Pharmakon = drug) The study about action of drugs. Molecular biology : Molecular biology is the study of organic molecules which constitute the structure of cell and its organelles

9. Relationship of biology with other sciences: Biophysics: Biophysics is the branch of physics in which laws and techniques of physics are applied to explain the processes of life. Biomathematics/Biometry: The branch of mathematics which collects data of living organisms through measurements and statistics. It plays a very important role in biological research and data analysis. Biochemistry: It is branch of biology which deals with the study of biomolecules like proteins, carbohydrates, lipids and nucleic acids and their metabolism in the cells.

10. Biogeography: biogeography deals with the study of distribution of different living organisms in different geographical regions of the world. Bio-economics: This deals with the economically important organisms involved in production, e.g meat production, etc. are calculated for cost value and profit value.

11. Contribution of Muslim Scientists: Jabir Bin Hayan: He wrote a number of books on plants and animals. “ Al- Nabatiat ” and “ Al- Haywan ” are his two famous books on plants and animals, respectively. Abdul Malik Asmai: He was great zoologist and wrote many books on animals like “ Al-Kheil ” on horse, “ Al- Ibil ” on camels, “ Al-Shat ” on sheep, “ Al- Wahoosh ” on wild animals and “ Khalqul Insan ” on the different parts of human body and their functions. Bu Ali Sina: He was considered as the founder of medicine. He is called as Avicenna in the west. He identified many diseases like tuberculosis, meningitis and other such inflammations. He wrote books like “ Al-Qanoon ” and “ Fil Tib Al-Shafa ”.

12. CHAPTER#1 INTRODUCTION TO BIOLOGY

13. QURANIC AYAH RELATED TO PLANTS AND ANIMALS:

14. CAREERS IN BIOLOGY:

15. The scientific name of mustard plant is Brassica campestris. It is locally known as “ Sarsoon ”. It is multicellular cultivated in winter season. The leaves of this plant are used as vegetable (saag) while from the seeds, oil is extracted known as mustard oil which is used for cooking. This plant has two parts: T he vegetative part : which consists of root, stem and leaves. The reproductive part : which consists of flowers. Each flower is yellowish in color and produce seeds. MUSTARD PLANT:

16. AMEOBA : Amoeba is a unicellular living organism It is found in the mud of shallow pond, pools and at any stagnant water. Amoeba has a irregular shape. Its structure is very simple. Its body is covered by an outer protective covering known as cell membrane. This cell membrane helps in movement of molecules into and out of the cell and protects cytoplasm. The outer part of cytoplasm is clear and transparent, called ectoplasm (gel) and inner part is called endoplasm (sol). The cytoplasm contains nucleus, food vacuoles, mitocondria etc. Amoeba moves by false foot, called pseudopodia .

17. FROG : The scientific name of frog is Rana Tigrina . A frog is an amphibian animal. It lives in both water as well as on land. It is a multicellular animal. Its body is divided into head and trunk. In frog, there is absence of neck and tail. Frog lives near ditches, pools, ponds, stagnant stream and slow-moving rivers. They are abundantly found in the rainy season and they lay their eggs in water. They remain inactive during winter season by staying in mud. This process is known as hibernation or winter sleep . It feeds on small insects.