Introduction to computer In business Management

It consists of
Hardware
Software

1. CHAPTER ONE Introduction to Computer Prepared by Kenbon A. 1/13/2024 1

2. Definition An electronic device for storing and processing data, typically in binary form, according to instructions given to it in a variable program. It is a collection of hardware and software components. Device or machine for making calculations or controlling operations that are expressible in numerical and logical terms. But today’s computers not only process numbers, they process texts, pictures, multimedia and so on. Generally, Computer is an electronic device; operating under the control of instructions stored in its own memory unit and that can accept data, process data, produce output and store the results for future use. 1/13/2024 2

3. A COMPUTER is an electronic device that performs tasks based on instructions given by the user. 1/13/2024 3

4. Characteristics of computers Automatic: once a program is in the computer’s memory, it continues without the need for human intervention until completion. Speed: a computer is a very fast device. A powerful computer is capable of performing billion (10 9 ) simple arithmetic operations per second. Accuracy: The computer’s accuracy is consistently high. Storage capacity: computers help to save space and economy by storing very large amount of data. Diligence: unlike human beings, a computer is free from boredom, tiredness, lack of concentration. 1/13/2024 4

5. Versatility: It is the capability of a computer to perform different kinds of works with same accuracy and efficiency. Power of remembering: A computer can store and recall huge amount of information because of its secondary storage capability. No IQ: Intelligent Quotient is zero. It works only within the limits of what it has been instructed to do. No feeling: They have no feelings and no instincts because they are machines. 1/13/2024 5

6. Application of computers Today, every company is now directly or indirectly dependent on computers for information processing. Science : scientists have been using computers to develop theories, to analysis, and test the data. E.g. detail study of how earthquakes affect buildings or population affect weather pattern, satellite based application. Medicine and health care : now doctors are using computers right from diagnosing the illness to monitoring a patient’s status during complex surgery. 1/13/2024 6

7. Engineering (architectures ): the architects and engineering are extremely using computers in designing and drawings. Entertainment : computers are used to control the images and sounds. Communication : E-mail or electronic mail is one of the communication media in which computer is used. Business application : There are various concerns for which computer are used such as in business applications (like at the sale counter) that requires immediate response from computer. 1/13/2024 7

8. Banking: in the field of banking and insurance computers are extensively used. People can use the ATM (Automatic Teller Machine) services 24 hours of the day in order to deposit and withdraw cash. Industries: - it is used for designing products, assisting labors, controlling the work of the machineries in factory e.t.c . 1/13/2024 8

9. Limitation of computers Computers are programmed by Humans Computers are dependent on humans No Emotions and No Feelings No thinking No self care Lack of Decision Making Retrieval of memory Dependency on power/electricity Not able to express ideas No IQ 1/13/2024 9

10. Generation of computers All modern computers can be categorized in to five generation:- First generation Second generation Third generation Fourth generation Fifth generation 1/13/2024 10

11. First generation(1940s-1950s) It uses vacuum tubes as main component It is very big ,expensive & slow It required extensive air condition It generates large heat It uses magnetic drums for memory It uses punched cards and paper tape for input purpose. Output was displayed on printouts. 1/13/2024 11

12. Second generation(1950s-1960s) It uses Transistors replaced vacuum tubes B/c of the transistors, the computer becomes smaller in size, fast in speed & more reliable than 1 st generation. It uses punched cards for input and printouts for output It controls by Assembly programming language Magnetic tape is introduced for store data 1/13/2024 12

13. Third generation(1960s-1970s) Integrated circuits(IC) called chips are replaced to transistor. IC is a collection transistor. Because of IC, Computers became:- Smaller in size & power requirement Very fast & more reliable Magnetic disk is replaced to magnetic tape storage device. It uses keyboard instead of punched cards. It uses monitors instead of printout. It uses operating system which allows the computer to run many applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. 1/13/2024 13

14. Fourth generation(1970s-present) 1/13/2024 14

15. Five Generation(present-future ) It uses an artificial intelligence & interact with the natural language The main is to narrow the gap between human being and computer. 1/13/2024 15

16. Elements of Computer system 1. Hardware 2. Software 3. People 4. Data 5. Connectivity 6. Procedure 1/13/2024 16

17. 1. HARDWARE = is the physical equipment that you can feel and touch. - It includes the CPU, mouse, keyboard, printer, speakers, microphone, and monitor. 1/13/2024 17

18. 2. SOFTWARE - are programs or instructions that a computer must follow to do its task. - The purpose is to process data into useful information for people 1/13/2024 18

19. 3. PEOPLE are the most important element of a computer system. They use and operate the computer. People use computers for a variety of applications. 1/13/2024 19

20. 4. DATA include texts and numbers, sounds, images, and video that you input into the computer for processing. Raw data are normal inputs entered into the computer. 1/13/2024 20

21. 5. CONNECTIVITY means that a computer must be connected to other computers especially through the internet . Using the internet, people can share and access data and greatly expand ones capability and reach. 1/13/2024 21

22. 6. PROCEDURES are the step by step instructions to follow when using hardware, software and data . These are normally written in manuals of hardware and software manufactures. 1/13/2024 22

23. Types of computers classifications Computers can be classified according to purpose , data handling , and functionality. 1/13/2024 23 Classification of computers Based on Data handling (processing) Based on Functionality, size, cost and speed Micro computer Mini Computer Mainframe Computer Super Computer Digital Analog Hybrid Based on Purpose General Specific

24. Computers classification according to purpose General purpose These machines can be used for various applications, ranging from scientific as well as business applications. Even though such computers are versatile, they generally lack in speed and efficiency. Computers that you use home and schools are general purpose computers. 1/13/2024 24

25. 2. Specific purpose Designed to handle a specific problem or to perform a single specific task built into the machine. They can be providing the result very quickly and effectively. These computers are used for airline reservation, satellite tracking, and air traffic control. 1/13/2024 25

26. Classification of computers according to the method of operation (data handling) Computers are classified into three by the way they process data:- Analog computers Digital computers Hybrid computers 1/13/2024 26

27. Analog computers Analog computers which are operate by measuring. They deal with continues variable. They do not compute directly with numbers, rather, they operate by measuring physical magnitude such as pressure temperature, voltage, current and etc. E.g. Thermometer, voltmeter, speedometer Analog computer has very low or limited memory It can store less amount of data 1/13/2024 27

28. Digital computers They operate by counting rather than measuring . They operate directly upon numbers (or digits) that represent numbers, letters, or other special symbols. Digital computer is a computing device in which data is represented by discrete numerical quantities. It is represented by discrete numerical s tates (0s and 1s) E.g. Personal Computers They have very high accuracy and speed than analog one 1/13/2024 28

29. Hybrid Computers The best features of analog and digital computers can be combined into a single device to form a hybrid computer. It processes the information by collecting input data with analog method, converts it into digital quantities, processes the digital values and converts the output from digital to analog form. Example: Gasoline station : fuel vending machine measure the amount of fuel via analog and display the result in digital form. Ultrasound machine 1/13/2024 29

30. CLASSIFICATIONS OF COMPUTERS ACCORDING TO CAPACITY MICROCOMPUTER MINICOMPUTER MAINFRAME COMPUTER SUPERCOMPUTER 1/13/2024 30

31. MICRO COMPUTER 1/13/2024 31

32. Microcomputer (often called personal computers or PCs for short) are the smallest but most important and most frequently used of computer particularly for end users. Basically, they can be grouped into three: Laptop Palmtop Desktop. 1/13/2024 32

33. MINICOMPUTER 1/13/2024 33

34. 1/13/2024 34 MAINFRAME COMPUTER

35. 1/13/2024 35 SUPERCOMPUTER

36. 1/13/2024 36 Thank you 🙏