INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER LECTURE .pdf.pptx

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1. COM111 INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER 1 SCHOOL OF HEALTH TECHNOLOGY KANO SANI MARSHAL ROAD, P.O.BOX 11549 DEPARTMENT OF HEALTH INFORMATION MANAGEMENT .

2. Introduction t o Computer 2 Topics Definition of computer Earliest computer Computer History Computer Generations Classification of Computer Impact of Computer on Society 2

3. Introduction to Computer 3 Definition of Computer Computer is a machine or device that performs processes, calculations and operations based on instruction provided by a software or hardware program. It has the ability to accept data (input), process it, and then produce outputs. Computer is an electronic device that manipulates information, or data. It has the ability to store , retrieve , and process data. Computer is any device which aids humans in performing various kinds of computations or calculations. 3

4. History of Computers Aba c us An abacus is a mechanical device used to aid an individual in performing mathematical calculations. The abacus was invented in Babylonia in 2400 B.C. The abacus in the form we are most familiar with was first used in China in around 500 B.C. It used to perform basic arithmetic operations. Earlier Abacus Modern Abacus 4 4

5. History of Computers Pascaline Invented by Blaise Pascal i n 1642 . It was its limitation to addition and subtraction. It is too expensive. Blaise Pascal 5 Pascaline

6. History of Computers Difference Engine and Analytical Engine It an automatic, mechanical calculator designed to tabulate polynomial functions. Invented by Charles Babbage in 1822 and 1834 It is the first mechanical computer. Charles Babbage 6 Di f ference Engine Ana l y tical Engine

7. History of Computers First Computer Programmer In 1840, Augusta Ada Byron suggests to Babbage that he use the binary system. She writes programs for the Analytical Engine . Augusta Ada Byron 7

8. History of Computers Scheutzian Calculation Engine Invented by Per Georg Scheutz in 1843. Based on Charles Babbage's difference engine. The first printing calculator. Per Georg Scheutz 8 Scheutzian Calculation Engine

9. History of Computers Tabulating Machine Invented by Herman Hollerith in 1890. To assist in summarizing information and accounting. Herman Hollerith 9 Tabulating Machine

10. History of Computers Atanasoff-Berry Computer ( ABC ) It was the first electronic digital computing device. Invented by Professor John Atanasoff and graduate student Clifford Berry at Iowa State University between 1939 and 1942. Professor John Atanasoff Atanasoff-Berry Computer 10

11. History of Computers ENIAC ENIAC stands for Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer . It was the first electronic general- purpose computer. Completed in 1946. Developed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly . ENIAC 11

12. History of Computers UNIVAC 1 The UNIVAC I ( UNIV ersal A utomatic C omputer 1 ) was the first commercial computer. Designed by John Presper Eckert and John Mauchly. UNIVAC 1 12

13. History of Computers EDVAC EDVAC stands for Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer The First Stored Program Computer Designed by Von Neumann in 1952. It has a memory to hold both a stored program as well as data. ED V AC 13

14. History of Computers 14 Computer Generations There are five generations of computer: First generation – 1946 - 1958 Second generation – 1959 - 1964 Third generation – 1965 - 1970 Fourth generation – 1971 - today Fifth generation – Today to future

15. History of Computers The First Generation The first computers used vacuum tubes for circuitry and magnetic drums for memory, and were often enormous, taking up entire rooms. They were very expensive to operate and in addition to using a great deal of electricity, generated a lot of heat, which was often the cause of malfunctions. Vacuum tube 15

16. History of Computers 16 The First Generation First generation computers relied on machine language, the lowest-level programming language understood by computers, to perform operations, and they could only solve one problem at a time. Input was based on punched cards and paper tape, and output was displayed on printouts. Examples: ENIAC EDSAC UNIVAC I, UNIVAC II, UNIVAC 1101

17. History of Computers The First Generation 17

18. History of Computers The Second Generation Transistors replaced vacuum tubes and ushered in the second generation of computers. One transistor replaced the equivalent of 40 vacuum tubes . Allowing computers to become smaller, faster, cheaper, more energy-efficient and more reliable. Still generated a great deal of heat that can damage the computer. T rans i stor 18

19. History of Computers 19 The Second Generation Second-generation computers moved from cryptic binary machine language to symbolic, or assembly, languages, which allowed programmers to specify instructions in words. Second-generation computers still relied on punched cards for input and printouts for output. These were also the first computers that stored their instructions in their memory, which moved from a magnetic drum to magnetic core technology. Examples: UNIVAC III, RCA 501, Philco Transact S-2000, NCR 300 series, IBM 7030 Stretch, IBM 7070, 7080, 7090 series

20. History of Computers The Second Generation 20

21. History of Computers The Third Generation The development of the integrated circuit was the hallmark of the third generation of computers. Transistors were miniaturized and placed on silicon chips, called semiconductors, which drastically increased the speed and efficiency of computers. It could carry out instructions in billionths of a second. Much smaller and cheaper compare to the second generation computers. Integrated Circuit 21

22. History of Computers 22 The Third Generation Users interacted with third generation computers through keyboards and monitors and interfaced with an operating system, which allowed the device to run many different applications at one time with a central program that monitored the memory. Computers for the first time became accessible to a mass audience because they were smaller and cheaper than their predecessors. Examples: Burroughs 6700, Control Data 3300, 6600, 7600, Honeywell 200, IBM System/360, System 3, System 7

23. History of Computers The Third Generation 23

24. History of Computers The Fourth Generation The microprocessor brought the fourth generation of computers, as thousands of integrated circuits were built onto a single silicon chip. As these small computers became more powerful, they could be linked together to form networks, which eventually led to the development of the Internet. Fourth generation computers also saw the development of GUIs, the mouse and handheld devices. Microprocessor 24

25. History of Computers The Fifth Generation Based on Artificial Intelligence (AI). Still in development. The use of parallel processing and superconductors is helping to make artificial intelligence a reality. The goal is to develop devices that respond to natural language input and are capable of learning and self-organization. There are some applications, such as voice recognition, that are being used today. 25

26. Classification of Computer Cont … Analogue Computer Digital Computer Hybrid Computer 26

27. Classification of Computer Cont … 1) Analogue Computer Analogue computers are designed to process analogue data . Analogue data is continuous data that changes continuously and cannot have discrete values. We can say that analogue computers are used where we don't need exact values always such as speed, temperature, pressure and current . Analogue computers directly accept the data from the measuring device without first converting it into numbers and codes. They measure the continuous changes in physical quantity and generally render output as a reading on a dial or scale. Speedometer and mercury thermometer are examples of analogue computers. 27

28. Classification of Computer Cont … Advantages of using analogue computers : It allows real-time operations and computation at the same time and continuous representation of all data within the rage of the analogue machine. In some applications, it allows performing calculations without taking the help of transducers for converting the inputs or outputs to digital electronic form and vice versa. The programmer can scale the problem for the dynamic range of the analogue computer. It provides insight into the problem and helps understand the errors and their effects. 28

29. Classification of Computer Cont … 2) Digital Computer Digital computer is designed to perform calculations and logical operations at high speed. It accepts the raw data as input in the form of digits or binary numbers (0 and 1) and processes it with programs stored in its memory to produce the output. All modern computers like laptops, desktops including smartphones that we use at home or office are digital computers. 29

30. Classification of Computer Cont … Advantages of Digital Computers: It allows you to store a large amount of information and to retrieve it easily whenever you need it. You can easily add new features to digital systems more easily. Different applications can be used in digital systems just by changing the program without making any changes in hardware The cost of hardware is less due to the advancement in the IC technology. It offers high speed as the data is processed digitally. It is highly reliable as it uses error correction codes. Reproducibility of results is higher as the output is not affected by noise, temperature, humidity, and other properties of its components. 30

31. Classification of Computer Cont … 3) Hybrid Computer Hybrid computer has features of both analogue and digital computer. It is fast like an analogue computer and has memory and accuracy like digital computers . It can process both continuous and discrete data. It accepts analogue signals and convert them into digital form before processing. So, it is widely used in specialized applications where both analogue and digital data is processed. For example, a processor is used in petrol pumps that converts the measurements of fuel flow into quantity and price. Similarly, they are used in airplanes, hospitals, and scientific applications. 31

32. Classification of Computer Cont … Advantages of using hybrid computers : Its computing speed is very high due to the all-parallel configuration of the analogue subsystem. It produces precise and quick results that are more accurate and useful. It has the ability to solve and manage big equation in real-time. It helps in the on-line data processing. 32

33. Impact of Computer on Society Everyone knows that this is the age of computer and vast majority of people are using computer. Development of science and technology has direct effect on our daily life as well as in our social life. Computer technology has made communication possible from one part of the world to the other in seconds. They can see the transactions in one part of the world while staying in the other part. Computer development is one of the greatest scientific achievements of the 20th century. Computers are used in various fields as well as in teaching and learning. 33

34. Impact of Computer on Society Cont … An aid to management: The computer can also be used as a management tool to assist in solving business problems. Banking : Branches are equipped with terminals giving them an online accounting facility and enabling them to information as such things as current balances, deposits, overdrafts and interest charges. Industrial Application: In industry, production may be planned, coordinated and controlled with the aid of a computer. Engineering Design: Computer help in calculating that all the parts of a proposed design are satisfactory and also assist in the designing. Meteorology : Data is recorded at different levels of atmosphere at different places, using remote sensors carried on a satellite. Air Travel: Small computers are installed as a part of the plane's equipment. Road Traffic Control: Computers assist with the control of traffic lights. Telephones : Computerized telephone exchanges handle an ever increasing volume of calls very efficiently. Medicine : Computers are widely used in hospitals for such task as maintaining drugs, surgical equipments and linen, for payroll and also for checkup and treatment of diseases. 34

35. Positive Impact of Computer :- The work can be done in very less time. More information can be stored in small space. Multitasking and multiprocessing capabilities of data. Easy to access data. Documents can be kept secret. Error free result. It can be used for various purposes. i.e. It can be used in any type of work. 35

36. Negative Impact of Computer :- Highly expensive. Data piracy. Increased Unemployment. Huge data and information can be lost sometimes. Fast changing computer technology. 36