INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING [Autosaved].pptx

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1. INTRODUCTION TO COMPUTER NETWORKING Jake R. Pomperada , MAED-IT Dino L. Ilustrisimo , BSIT

2. Chapter 1 Computer Concepts: A Quick Overview ________________________________________________________ Computer in the Modern World 21th Century Computer Devices and Peripherals Computer Components After completing this chapter, a learner should be able to describe: 1. Computer’s role in modern society 2. The different advantages and disadvantages of using computers 3. The different modern computer devices and peripherals 4. The functions of each device and peripherals 5. Components of computer Learning Objectives _________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Lesson 1 : COMPUTER IN THE MODERN WORLD _______________________________________________________ Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Give a clear definition of a computer and its capabilities 2. Discuss the essential uses as well as the limitations of computer 3. Differentiate the different types of computers 4. Understand what type of computer should be used for a certain kind of future work 5. Appreciate the uses of computer in the different fields of work The Computer Realistically, people nowadays became knowledge-hungry of learning how to use computers. A computer is an electronic device used to accept commands and requests frim the user (input), process those requests (process) then store or save those processed data for retrieval purposes (storage) and lastly, produce output if being required by the user (output). It can work properly and efficiently if given proper instruction through a program. A program is a set of instructions that tells a computer what to do with an initial command coming from the user. (See contents of a program on Lesson 3)

4. Advantage of using a computer Generates information at a very high speed Process data accurately Saves and retrieves information when needed Performs logical operations Reduce paper works and costs Diligent, versatile and reliable The disadvantages of using computer Cannot generate information on its own Cannot derive its meaning from objects around No original decisions Cannot work without electricity Cannot make judgements, no feelings and emotions Computer’s capabilities to perform quick analysis and rapid calculations enable it to become the digital era’s favorite machine. From a private room in a house to multiple offices of big and giant business firms in the world, this device almost conquers all sides of the Earth. Below are some of the various fields where computers are being used: Business A computer has a high speed of calculation, diligence, accuracy, reality, or versatility which has made it an integrated part in all business organizations. Education Computers are one of the most valuable resources in a classroom because they serve so many useful functions. Nowadays, this machine is of great help to students in doing their researches and projects.

5. Healthcare Computers have played such a vital role in the health of individuals. This becomes an important part of every hospital’s laboratories, dispensaries and doctor’s offices for managing patient’s records and findings. Engineering One of the major areas being performed by computers in the field of engineering is Computer-Aided Design (CAD) which provides the creation, design, and modification of images in some of the fields such as structural , industrial , and architectural engineering. Military The military also employs computerized control systems. Some military areas where a computers has been used are: 1. Missile Control 2. Military Communication 3. Military Operation and Planning 4. Smart Weapons

6. Communication People around the world make use of computers for communication purposes. Some areas played the role of computers is e-mail, chatting and video-conferencing. Government Different government offices have already embraced and utilized the power of the computer for their annual budgeting, tax collections, citizen’s population and welfare. Other fields related to Business Banking- this field related to business is dependent on computers for its facilities such as online accounting facilities and Automatic Teller Machines (ATM). Insurance- this field uses computers for keeping the records of its clients and customers including the updates of its payments and benefits. Marketing - uses a computer for creating advertisements and marketing strategies. Types of Computer 1. Personal Computer It is a single-user computer system having a moderately powerful microprocessor. It has features such as portability and convenience since it can be brought and placed wherever. Some of the types of personal computers are the following:

7. Laptops are considered as personal computers because it is being designed for personal and private use only. It is also being called a laptop since its nature is usually to be placed on the top of your lap. Netbooks are subgroups of laptops acting as a category of small, lightweight and less expensive compared to laptop prizes. Tablets de-emphasize the use of traditional input devices (keyboard and mouse) by using a touchscreen feature. It can be used using your bare fingers, a stylus or light pen. 2. Workstations A workstation is a high-end personal computer designed for technical, mathematical, or scientific applications. Intended primarily to be used by one person at a time, they are commonly connected to a local area network and run multi-user operating systems. 3. Minicomputer It is a mid-sized computer that has the capability of being accessed by up to 250 users simultaneously. 4. Mainframe computer This type of computer has more capabilities compared to minicomputers. This can process requests or commands from hundreds to thousands of users at the same time. This is more expensive than minicomputer and needs a wide space for its station. 5. Supercomputer This is the most expensive and fastest type of computer in the world. Supercomputers are being bought and employed for specialized applications that require an immense amount of storage and processing capacity for millions of users to access their services.

8. Lesson 2 : 21 st CENTURY COMPUTER DEVICES AND PERIPHERALS ________________________________________________________ Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Improve their knowledge about the different types and classifications of computer devices 2. Understand the basic functions of each computer device 3. Computer and contrast the difference between input and output 4. Identify different examples of input and output devices 5. Differentiate different types of storage devices 6. Identify different examples of storage devices Computer Peripheral Devices The peripheral device is generally defined as any device being connected to your computer to make it work in different ways. These devices could either be physically connected to the ports of your computer or via wireless connection using Bluetooth technology. Other Definition of Peripheral Device Laypeople defined peripheral device as any device connected outside your computer unit such as your printer, scanner, mouse, and keyboard, however technical people do consider any device being present inside your computer and are being connected to the motherboard such as Hard disk, Random Access Memory (RAM), video and Audio Cards. According to the most technical definition, the only pieces of a computer not considered to be peripherals are the central processing unit, power supply, motherboard, and computer case.

9. Types of Peripheral Devices 1. Input Devices are devices connected to your computer and are being used to send information or command to the computer. Keyboard- is an input device for typing letters, numbers and other special characters (@,#,%,^). Its layout is quite similar with your traditional typewriter although there are specials keys being added for performing additional functions. Computer Mouse- is an input device generally used for clicking and pointing. Common mouse actions are clicking-right, scrolling, drag, and drop and pointing. Touchscreen- a specialized type of screen that accepts information or command from the user when it is being touched. This input device has a combined feature of a keyboard and a mouse.

10. Other modern types of input devices: a. Microphone b. Barcode reader c. Image scanner d. Web camera e. Game controller f. Light pen g. Digital camera 2. Processing devices are devices that perform command given by a user through input devices (mouse and keyboard). This operation involves the manipulation of the data. The input data are being transformed and usually combined with other information to produce data into a more useful form Graphics Processing Unit, Sound Cards and Network cards are among the examples of processing devices. Central Processing Unit (CPU) is the busiest processing device inside a computer: responsible for all types of processing. 3. Output devices are devices that produce outputs either in electronic or physical form. The following are some of the important output devices of a computer.

11. The monitor is commonly termed as Visual Display Unit (VDU), it is being used to display anything or whatever you are doing with your computer such as images, texts, videos and other characters which formed through tiny dots called pixels. The Printer is an output device widely and commonly used for all types of printing. 1. Impact Printer- print characters by striking them on the ribbon. 2. Non-impact printer- used ink instead of a ribbon for printing The projector is an output device used for displaying the content of your computer for wider viewing. The speaker is another type of output device that produces sounds when a certain video or music has been played on your computer.

12. 4. Storage devices, also known as computer memories are devices used to store or save information for retrieval purposes. These are classified into three main types Cache Memory, Primary Memory, and Secondary Memory. Primary Memory holds only those data and instructions on which the computer is currently working. It has a limited capacity and data is lost when power is switched off. Secondary Memory This type of memory is also known as external memory or non-volatile. It is slower than the main memory. These are used for storing data/information permanently. Cache Memory is a very high-speed semiconductor memory which can speed up the CPU. It acts as a buffer between the CPU and the main memory. It is used to hold those parts of data and program which are most frequently used by the CPU.

13. Lesson 3 : COMPUTER COMPONENTS ________________________________________________________ Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Describe how computer works 2. Identify the different components of the computer that enables it to perform its task. 3. Discuss the different computer components 4. Understand the difference between application software and system software 5. Explain the role of people/human in the existence of computer How it’s being formed? Computer units are being formed by the powerful combination of hardware and software which initially requires compatibility before being merged. However, the computer will not work without the .interaction coming from the so-called, peopleware . 1. Hardware is consists of all the tangible parts and physical components of a computer. Almost all computer devices (input, processing, output and storage devices) are considered hardware. Here are some common examples of hardware components.

14. Computer Case This is an enclosure that contains the main components of a computer motherboard, hard disk, computer memories, and power supply unit and expansions cards. Power Supply Unit (PSU) This component converts alternating Current (AC) into Direct Current (DC) for the other components of the computer. This also protects the supply from overloading and guards the performance of computers against degradation. Motherboard This component is also known as a system board or mainboard of the computer. It houses the Central Processing Unit (CPU) which is responsible for all types of processing information. This component also provides an interface between the peripheral devices and the system software such as the operating system, the BIOS or UEFI and other utility programs. 2. Software is defined as programs that run, manage and operate the entire computer system. This is consists of instructions that tell the computer what to do and how to execute a certain task. Two types of software: a. Application Software is a program that has been developed to perform a specific task, to solve a particular problem or to simply give entertainment, To get the desired result, users need to interact with the application.

15. b. System Software is the main reason why application software can interact with the computer. By simply defining system software, this is programs initially installed or executed on the computer before the installation of the application software since without this, any application Software won’t run or execute its task. Types of System software Operating System Utility Programs Language Translators 3. Peopleware is considered as a computer component but not up to the technical level of its term. It is a component because of its role as the commander to make the computer works. Without peopleware , the existence of a computer is expected to be null and void. Peopleware includes the following but not limited to: a. Technical Support Tech support is generally what most non-IT folks think of when they imagine an information technology department. These types of IT experts can be known by a variety of titles—”help desk technicians,” “operations analysts,” or “problem manager” –but at the end of the day, their main job is to provide experts troubleshooting advice to clients. People working in any business outsourcing company are considered to be technical support staff. They are being paid for service rendered to customers over the phone, assisting and resolving hardware and software issues. b. Programmers Computer programmers are the brains behind software functions– they write and test the code that makes up software programs. These types of people have very powerful logical and analytical skills since they gave commands for the computer to do its task by simply writing codes and execute it.

16. c. Web Developers These people can easily recognized due to their nature of work. They’re the ones who are responsible for building websites and the infrastructures behind them—making a careful balance of creativity and technical prowess a must for those looking to join this area of information technology. Web developers may also be known as “web procedures,” “multimedia architects,” and “internet engineers”, making titles as diverse as their work portfolios. d. Computer System Analyst Computer system analysts are the multitaskers of information technology; they have to understand computer hardware, software, and networks– and how they all come to work together. People in this nature of the job requires a multitudes of different skills, from analyzation to excellent communication and sometimes the ability to persuade is a plus. e. IT Security IT security is one of the biggest up-and-coming areas of tech in the market today—they’re in charge of keeping organization safe from malicious digital attacks. According to some technical people in the industry, there are three types that IT Security Personnel will be dealing with – a must-have experience to show proof that the system they are protecting is secured and free from attacks: white hat hackers, black hat hackers, grey hat hackers. f. Network Engineer Network engineers have a lot on their plate in terms of duties– they’re in charge of setting up, administering, and maintaining and upgrading local and wide area networks for an organization. When the internet connection is down, these people are responsible of troubleshooting the aforementioned issue to resume the valuable workloads of a company. g. Database Administrators This people administrators, manage and maintain the integrity of data that comes into the database. Most of the big companies nowadays usually hire these people to manage records through proper and correct administration of it.

17. The computer is an electronic device used to accept commands and requests from the user (input), process those requests (process) then store or save those processed data for retrieval purposes (storage) and lastly, produce output if being required by the user (output). Some advantages of computer are the following: Generates information at a very high speed Process data accurately Saves and retrieves information when needed Performs logical operations Reduce paper works and costs Diligent, versatile and reliable Like any other machines and especially humans, the computer has some disadvantages too. Cannot generate information on its own. Cannot derive its own meaning from objects around No original decisions Cannot work without electricity Cannot make judgements, no feelings, and emotion Because of the computer’s power to process data and produce desired information by the user in a very quick and fast pace, it has been stationed to almost all corners of a certain building. It can be found in different fields such as business, education, military centers and engineering. Different fields have used different types of computer according to their specifications and the type of work that needs to be done. From a single computer on top of their table for spreadsheets and word processing to big computers as big as a single room for performing tasks such as intensive computations and analysis of data. A computer alone cannot execute its task properly without the peripheral devices being connected to it. Laypeople only consider devices as peripheral when these are being connected outside your computer or through its ports. However, tech people in their deeper meaning, define the peripheral device as anyting connected both in and outside the computer.

18. These devices are of four (4) different types: Input devices- are devices used to accept commands or request from the user. Examples: Keyboard Mouse Stylus pen / light pen Scanner 2. Processing devices- includes the Central Processing Unit (CPU) and other expansion cards (video, audio, network). Output devices- these are any device that produces information and are usually printed on any type of paper. Examples: Printer Speaker Headphones Monitor Storage devices- are devices that stores or saves information for later uses and retrieval purposes. Examples: Universal Serial Bus (USB)/ USB Stick/ Flash Drive Hard disk Memory Cards For a computer unit to be formed and fully functional, it needs to have its three components namely hardware, software, and peopleware . Hardware- refers to any parts of a computer that are tangible. 1. Computer case 2. Power Supply Unit (PSU) 3. Motherboard and its components 4. Other Peripheral Devices

19. Software- refers to intangible (cannot be touched but can be seen) components of a computer. This is composed of two kinds. 1. Application Software is programs that have been developed to perform a specific task, to solve a particular problem or to simply give entertainment. 2. System Software is program that need to be installed before the installation of all application software to make it work. Examples: An operating system such as Windows 10, Linux and Mac OS Language translators such as C, C++, C# Basic Input Output System (BIOS) Peopleware - generally defined as users. Without these components, computers are expected to be null and void.

20. LET’S EVALUATE Student:____________________________________________ Teacher:____________________________________________ Date:______________________ Score:______________________ I. True or False Write T if the statement is correct and F if the statement is incorrect. Write your answer on the space being provided before each number. ________1. Computer is an electronic device used to accept commands and requests from the user and produce meaningful information after processing those requests. ________ 2. Computers can generate information in a very quick and high speed. ________ 3. Computers cannot feel tiredness and very diligent to perform and finish specific tasks. ________ 4. A computer cannot perform analysis of data itself. ________ 5. A computer can commit errors on its own without the interaction of a human or user. ________ 6. Computers are designed to follow instructions coming from the user. ________ 7. A computer can retrieve information quickly. ________ 8. A computer if being left alone on a corner can make decisions on its own. ________ 9. Because of its capability to perform calculation is a speed of light, computers become one of the digital era’s favorite ________ 10. Computers can perform everything and has no limitations at all.

21. II. Answer briefly the following: 1. Conduct a short interview with an individual based on the different fields stated below. Put your insights or observation on how computer play such role in his/her chosen field. FIELD INSIGHTS/OBSERVATIONS Business Education Healthcare Engineering Military Communication Government 2. Which do you think is more powerful today, man or computer? Write your answer with instances on a separate sheet of paper.

22. III. Fill in the blanks. Write the missing term on the following items listed below. 1. ______________ are devices being connected to your computer either inside or outside of it. 2. Devices that are connected to your computer for the purpose of producing outputs are called us ____________________ 3._______________ are devices used to process whatever inputted by the user. . 4._______________ are devices used to store or save information for later uses and retrieval purposes. 5. They only consider devices as peripheral when it is being connected outside your computer. These people are called as __________________ IV. Answer briefly the following: Name and categorize as many devices as you can by writing on the table provided below. PERIPHERAL DEVICES INPUT DEVICES PROCESSING DEVICES OUTPUT DEVICES STORAGE DEVICES

23. On the space provided before the item, write H if the item belongs to the Hardware component. S if it is software and P if it belongs to the peopleware component. V. Identification. ______________________1. Motherboard ______________________2. Scanner ______________________3. Linux ______________________4. Computer Monitor ______________________5. Computer Analyst ______________________6. Graphics Card ______________________7. Adobe Photoshop ______________________8. Data Encoder ______________________9. Windows 7 ______________________10. Computer Designer V. Explain briefly. If you will be given a chance to be part of the IT industry ( peopleware ) in the future, which among the discussed people and why? 2. 10 years from now, do you think it would be possible for a computer to work even when one of the components is missing? Why or Why not?

24. Chapter 1 The Operating System ________________________________________________________ Origins of Operating System Evolution of Microsoft Window Evolution of Mac OS Linux Operating System The Mobile Operating System After completing this chapter, a learner should be able to describe: 1. The origins of the Operating System 2. The different versions of the Microsoft Windows Operating System 3. The different versions of Apple Mac OS 4. The different versions of the Linux Operating System 5. The different Mobile Operating System in the market of today Learning Objectives _________________________________________________________________________________________________

25. Lesson 1 : OPERATING SYSTEM: A QUICK LOOK _______________________________________________________ Lesson Objectives At the end of this lesson, the students should be able to: 1. Define Operating System 2. Discuss the importance and role of an Operating System 3. Identify and discuss the functions of the so-called “managers” 4. Discuss the different types of Operating System 5. Remember the features of an Operating System What is an Operating System? An operating system is a type of software that gives life to the hardware components of a computer so that its features such as the application software and system software would be usable to the end-user. Every computer is dead without an operating system being installed on it and it only requires at least one operating system to run programs. These programs include browsers, word processing applications computer games and computer utilities which only work with an operating system.

26. Computers have a language containing 0’s and 1’s only called as binary. Humans on the other hand, may understand multiple language except 0’s and 1’s. Then how did human and computer talk or communicate with each other? It is by the use of the Operating System. It helps you communicate with your computer without knowing how to speak the computer’s language. The user can’t use any computer or mobile device without having an operating system.