Introduction to Data Collection Methods Tools (1).ppt

indroduction

1. Introduction to Data Collection
Methods & Tools
N.G Upul Sanjeewa Wijepala

2. Define Research Problem
Review Concepts & Theories
Literature Review Review previous research finding
Formulate Hypothesis
Research Design (Including sample design)
Data Analysis
Interpret and Report
Data Collection
(Using Data collection Tools)
(Observation, Interview,
Questionnaire etc.,..)

3. Data
According to the Sources
1. Primary Sources Primary Data
2. Secondary Sources Secondary Data
According to the Nature
1. Quantitative Data
2. Qualitative Data

4. Primary Data
•Datanevergatheredbefore
•Advantage:finddatayouneedtosuityour
purpose
•Disadvantage:usuallymorecostlyandtime
consumingthancollectingsecondarydata
•Collectedaftersecondarydataiscollected

6. Secondary Data
•Datagatheredbyanothersources
•SecondarydataisgatheredBEFOREprimarydata.
WHY?
•Becauseyouwanttofindoutwhatisalreadyknown
aboutasubject/Problem(L/R)beforeyoudiveinto
yourowninvestigation.WHY?
•Becausesomeofyourquestionscanpossiblyhave
beenalreadyansweredbyotherinvestigatorsor
authors.Why“reinventthewheel”?

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Data Collection Strategies
•Noonebestway:decisiondependson:
–Whatyouneedtoknow:numbersorstories
–Wherethedatareside:environment,files,
people
–Resourcesandtimeavailable
–Complexityofthedatatobecollected
–Frequencyofdatacollection
–Intendedformsofdataanalysis

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Which Data?
-do not need to quantify the results
-are not sure what you are able to measureQualitative
-want narrative or in-depth information
-want to cover a large group
-want to be precise
-know what you want to measure
Quantitative
-want to conduct statistical analysis
Then Use:If you:

10. Quantitative and Qualitative information
(Quantity)Kids (5)
(Quality)Happy

11. What method shall I use?
There is no simple answer
There is no ONEbest method
It all depends…

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Structured Approach
•All data collected in the same way
•Especially important for multi-siteand
cluster evaluations so you can compare
•Important when you need to make
comparisons with alternate interventions

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Use Structured Approach When:
•Need to address extent questions
•Have a large sample or population
•Know what needs to be measured
•Need to show results numerically
•Need to make comparisons across different
sites or interventions

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Semi-structured Approach
•Systematic and follow general procedures
but data are not collected in exactly the
same way every time
•More open and fluid
•Does not follow a rigid script
–may ask for more detail
–people can tell what they want in their own
way

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Use Semi-structured
Approach when:
•Conducting exploratory work
•Seeking understanding, themes, and/or issues
•Need narratives or stories
•Want in-depth, rich information
•Seek to understand results of data that are
unexpected

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Quantitative Approach
•Data in numerical form
•Data that can be precisely measured
–age, cost, length, height, area, volume, weight,
speed, time, and temperature
•Harder to develop
•Easier to analyze

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Qualitative Approach
•Data that deal with description
•Data that can be observed or self-reported, but not
always precisely measured
•Less structured, easier to develop
•Can provide “rich data” —detailed and widely
applicable
•Is challenging to analyze
•Is labor intensive to collect
•Usually generates longer reports

18. When choosing methods,
consider…
The purpose of your Research
Will the method allow you to gather information
that can be analyzed and presented in a way that will be
credible and useful to you and others.
The respondents
What is the most appropriate method,
considering how the respondents can best be reached,
how they might best respond, literacy, cultural
considerations, etc.?

19. Consider…
•What kind of data your stakeholders will find
most credible and useful
•Resources available.
Time, money, and staff to design,
implement, and analyze the information. What
can you afford?
•Type of information you need.Numbers,
percent's, comparisons, stories etc.

20. •Interruptions to program or participants.
Which method is likely to be least
intrusive?
•Advantages and disadvantages of each
method.
•.The importance of ensuring cultural
appropriateness.
Consider…

21. Sampling Techniques
Population-Total group of respondents that the
researcher wants to study. Populations are too costly and
time consuming to study in entirety.
Sample-selecting and surveying
respondents (research participants)
from the population.

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METHODS
Thevariousmethodofdatagatheringinvolvetheuseof
appropriaterecordingforms.Thesearecalledtoolsor
instrumentsofdatacollection,theyconsistsof
Library Research
1.AnalysisofHistorical
Records
2.AnalysisofDocuments
Laboratory
Research
1.Smallgroupstudyofrandom
behavior,playandroleanalysis

23. METHODS
Field
Research
1.Non ParticipantDirect
Observation
2.ParticipantObservation
3.MassObservation
4.Questionnaire
5.PersonalInterview
6.GroupInterview
7.FocusedInterview
8.TelephoneSurvey
9.CaseStudy&LifeHistoryetc.

24. Often, it is better to use more than
one data collection method.
Triangulation

25. The use of triangulation in qualitative
research
Triangulationreferstotheuseofmultiplemethodsordata
sourcesinqualitativeresearchtodevelopacomprehensive
understandingofphenomena(Patton,1999).
Triangulationalsohasbeenviewedasaqualitativeresearch
strategytotestvaliditythroughtheconvergenceofinformation
fromdifferentsources.
Denzin(1978)andPatton(1999)identifiedfourtypesof
triangulation:
(a)methodtriangulation
(b)investigatortriangulation
(c)theorytriangulation,and
(d)datasourcetriangulation.

27. THANK
YOU !