Introduction to english phonetics

it is very useful for those learners who want to improve their pronunciation.

1. Welcome to Defense Seminar Hall For the purpose to present a few words and learn more

2. Introduction to English Phonetics Topic

3. Students and audience will be able to recognize various parts of speech organs and English phonetic sounds. Objective: Abstract: Many subjects related to the top have been placed in this article: Phonetics and its types. Speech organs. Vowel sounds and their types. Consonant sounds and their types.

4. Phonetics: is the scientific study of speech sounds or Phonetics is the scientific study of the production, transmission and reception of speech sounds Phonetics in itself has been divided in to three sub-branches: Acoustic Phonetics: is the study of the physical properties of speech sounds such as frequency and amplitude in their transmission or it covers the frequency and amplitude of speech sounds. Auditory Phonetics : is concerned with the hearing of speech sounds and with speech perception that is how sound is received by the inner ear and psychologically perceived by the brain? Articulatory phonetics : It is concerned with the articulation of speech the position, shape and movement of the articulators.

5. English has forty four speech sounds of course in British English, but in American English there are forty three speech sounds. Generally, they are divided into tow major categories: Vowels and consonants Vowels themselves divided into monothongs , diphthongs, and triphthongs . Vowels: are speech sounds which are produced without any stricture in the mouth. There twenty vowel sounds which are further divided into two sub groups namely, pure vowel and diphthongs. Note: Cardinal vowels are also included in monothongs .

6. Cardinal Vowels: A cardinal vowel is a vowel sound produced when the tongue is in an extreme position, front or back, high or low . Like (/i:/, /u/, /a:/) English vowel sound No.1: /i;/ or /i/ in modern American Phonetics Lips: tense and in a “simile” position. Jaw: Almost completely raised. Tongue: High, near the roof of the mouth. like: scene, eat, equal, etc. English vowel sound No.2: /ɪ/ Lips: Relaxed and slightly parted. Jaw: Slightly lower than for /i:/. Tongue: High, but lower than for /i:/. such as, ill, ink, inch, etc.

7. English vowel sound No.3: /e/ Americans substitute /ɛ/ sound instead of /e/ sound Lips: Slightly spread and unrounded. Jaw: Open wider than for / eɪ /. Tongue: High, near the roof of the mouth. like in the, any, friend, leopard, etc. English vowel sound No.4: Sheep sound /æ / Lips: spread. Jaw: Open wider than for /ɛ/. Tongue: Low, near the floor of the mouth. Such as, angry, and, have, etc. English vowel sound No.5: /ɑ:/ Lips: Completely apart in a “yawning” position. Jaw: Lower than for any other vowel. Tongue: Flat, on the floor of the mouth. Like in, honest, odd, oxen, etc.

8. English vowel sound No.6: /ɒ / Lips: Open lip-rounding Jaw: open, but not as open as in /ɔ/. Tongue: The back of the is in the highest position. Like in, ball, want, got, etc. English vowel sound No.7: /Ͻ:/ Lips: in a tense oval shape and slightly protruded. Jaw: Open more than for / oʊ /. Tongue: low, near the floor of the mouth. Like in, boss, taught, thought, etc. English Vowel Sound No.8: /u:/ Lips: Tense and in a “whistling” position. Jaw: Almost completely raised. Tongue: High, near the roof of the mouth. For instance, food, room, foot, etc.

9. English vowel sound No.9: /ʊ / Lips: Relaxed and slightly parted. Jaw: Slightly lower than for /u:/. Tongue: High, but lower than for /u:/. For instance, good, took, woman, etc. English vowel sound No.10: The cut sound /ʌ/ Lips: Relaxed and slightly parted. Jaw: Relaxed and slightly lowered. Tongue: Relaxed and midlevel in the mouth. Such as in trouble, does, oven, etc. English vowel sound No.11: The cut sound /ə / Lips: completely relaxed and barely move during its production. Jaw: between open and close. Tongue: the central part is highest. Such as in upon, asleep, suppose, etc. Note: This sound occurs in unstressed syllable.

10. English vowel sound No.12: /ɜ:/ The bird-sound or the hesitation-sound Lips: protruded and slightly parted. Jaw: Slightly lowered. Tongue: Midlevel in the mouth. Like in early, urban, sir, etc. Diphthongs: are sounds which are made of two vowel. Begin in the place of first vowel sound and go towards the second vowel sound so it is also called glide vowels. There are eight diphthongs English that the following diagram shows the production place of them: The English Diphthong No. 1: / eɪ / Lips: Spread and unrounded. Jaw: Rises with tongue and closes slightly. Tongue: Glides from midlevel to near the roof of The mouth. For instance, apron, A pril, came, etc.

11. The English Diphthong No. 2: / əʊ /, its symbol in American is / oʊ / Lips: Tense and very rounded. Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes slightly. Tongue: Glides from midlevel to near roof of the mouth. Such as in oat, oval, ocean, etc. The English Diphthong No. 3: / ɑɪ / Lips: Glide from an open to a slightly parted position. Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes. Tongue: Glides from low to high near the roof of the mouth. Like in by, lie, sigh, etc. The English Diphthong No. 4: / ɑʊ / Lips: Glide from an open position. Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes. Tongue: Glides from low to high near the roof of the mouth. Like in plough, crowd, pronounce, etc.

12. The English Diphthong No. 5: / ɔɪ / Lips: Glide from a tense oval shape to a relaxed, slightly parted position. Jaw: Rises with the tongue and closes. Tongue: Glides from a low position to a high position near the roof of the mouth. Like in, noise, toy, coin, etc. The English Diphthong No. 6: / ɪə / Lips: Glide from the a close position. Jaw: lowers the tongue and opens. Tongue: Glides from a low position towards the soft palate. Like in, near, wear, fierce, etc. The English Diphthong No. 7: / eə / Lips: From spread to neutral position. Jaw: Glides from close position to open. Tongue: The front part of the tongue is raised. such as in chair, mare, care , etc.

13. Consonant sounds: are speech sounds made by completely or partly stopping the flow of air being breathed out through the mouth. Generally, they are fallen into two major parts: voice and unvoiced consonants. Secondly, they have divided into six categories: plosives, affricatives, nasals, lateral, fricatives, and semi-vowel or approximants. In its turn each category into various parts: Figure3 . It shows voice and unvoiced consonants

14. Figure5 . The above chart indicates different consonants sounds

15. Plosives: There are six plosive consonants in English. These are the sounds formed by means of a complete closure of the air passage, which is afterwards released suddenly . in plosives include bilabial (/b/ and /p/), alveolar (/d/ and /t/) and velar (/k/ and /g/). The English Fricatives : There are ten fricative consonants in English. These are the sounds formed by narrowing the air passage to such an extent that the air in escaping produces audible friction . In Fricatives include labiodental (/f/ and /v/), dental (/ ð/ and / θ /), alveolar (/s/ and /z/), post alveolar (/ʆ/, /ʒ/and /r/), and glottis (/h/). The English Nasal Consonant Sounds : There are three nasal sounds in English. These are the sounds formed by a complete closure in the mouth while the nasal passage is open. In Nasal sound include bilabial (/m/), alveolar (/n/), and velar (/ ɳ/).

16. The English Affricates: There are two affricate sounds in English. These are the sounds formed by means of a complete closure of the air passage which is afterwards released slowly. In affricatives include post alveolar (/ʤ/ and /ʧ/). Lateral: Laterals are produced by a stricture of complete closure in the center of the vocal tract, but the air passes out every one or both sides of the tongue. in lateral includes alveolar (/l/) sound. There are two types of /l/ sound in English. Light and dark . Semi-vowels or approximants: Consonant sounds made by air passing between the tongue or lip and another part of mouth without any closing of the air passage. In approximants include bilabial (/w/) and palatal (/j/) sounds.

17. References Anderson , C. (2018, March 15). Diphthongs. Retrieved Feb 23, 2020, from Essentials of linguistics.pressbooks : http://essentialsoflinguistics.pressbooks.com/chapter/2-8-diphthongs/ Anita , C. B., & Rick , F. (2006). Articulatory phonetics: Tools for analyzing the world's languages (4th ed.). United States: SIL international. Armstrong , E. (2012, June 03). Feeling the soft palate move. Retrieved Feb 25, 2020, from The voiceguy : http://voiceguy.ca/blog/voiceguy/feeling-the-soft-plate Birgandi , P., & Salmani-Nodoushan , M. (2005). An introduction to phonetics. Tehran, Iran : Zabankadeh publication . Brunori , Rodrigo;. ( n.d. ). Triphthongs and smoothing. Retrieved March 2, 2020, from English Pronunciation: http://www.englishpronunciationmadrid.com/vowels/vowels/smoothing Dale, P. W., & Poms , L. (2005). English pronunciation made simple. Houston, Texas, United Staed America : Pearson Edcuation , Inc. Hashimi , H. (2017). Phonetics . Khost : Khost Shaikh Zayed University Press. Hudson , J. (2017, January 23). Th -tooth-sounds. Retrieved Feb 28, 2020, from Pronunciation studio: https://pronunciationstudio.com/th-tooth-sounds/ Justice, P. W. (2004). Relevant linguistics: An introduction to the structure and use of English for teachers (2nd ed.). Stanford, California , United Stated : CSLI Publications . Late Dr. Radhey , L. V., Shastri , R. S., Verma , S. K., & Dr. Arora , S. N. (2013). An introductory textbook of linguistics and phonetics (2nd ed.). Lahore, Pakistan : Khalid Waheed Malik press. Lodge, K. (2009). A critical introductin to Phonetics. Great Britain, London , United Kingdom : The MPG Books Group . Skandera , P., & Burleigh , P. (2005). A manual of English phonetics and phonology. Augsburg, Germany : Gunter Narr Verlag Tubigen .

18. Questioning session If you have any question I am in your service

19. The End