INTRODUCTION TO FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION.pptx

A BRIEF LECTURE ON FGM FOR HEALTHCARE STUDENTS

1. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION ABDUL-GANIWU M.

2. WHAT IS FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION? It is the partial or total removal of the female external genetalia in other to reduce their sexual feelings to prevent them from early sex and early pregnancy, and is been carried out on girls between infancy and age 15 and also for cultural reasons.

3. TYPES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION Clitoridectomy : This is the partial removal of the clitoris and in very rare cases, only the prepuce (the fold of the skin surrounding the clitoris). Excision: It involves the partial removal of the clitoris and labia minora, with or without excision of the labia majora this practice is extensive as compared to the clitoridectomy. Infibulation: this type is the most severe form of FGM and it consist of narrowing the vagina orifice through the creation of a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and sewing over the outer, labia with or without removal of the clitoris or inner labia. Unclassified: this type consists of all other harmful procedures to the genitalia of women for non-medical purpose.

4. ILLUSTRATIONS OF FGM

5. WHO PERFORMS FGM People who have had no medical training and lack basic knowledge in human anatomy. Traditional Birth Attendants Elderly women in the community Native doctors In some case s of medical professional

6. REASONS FOR PRACTICING FGM 1) Preservation of virginity: FGM provides proof and maintenance of virginity. It serves as a guarantee against pre-marital sex which is a condition for marriage in many FGM societies. Parents may then demand a high bridal price, 2) Sociological reason: Identification with cultural heritage, initiation of girls into womanhood, social integration and the maintenance of social cohesion. 3) Maintenance of good health: Some societies claim that FGM cures females from diverse range of psychological diseases like depression, hysteria, insanity and kleptomania.

7. CON’T 4) Prevention of promiscuity: Removal of the clitoris is believed to decrease or remove sexual pleasure thereby preventing girls and women from promiscuity. 5) Myths: It is forbidden for men to marry uncircumcised women in some societies. This is because they believe that FGM enhances fertility, promotes child survival and men become impotent when their penis touches the clitoris. 6) Prevention of still birth 7) Beautification

8. MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES OF FGM : Female genital mutilation has no health benefit, and it harm girls and women in many ways, it has short term and long-term consequences. The most common physical complication caused by the removal of or damage to, healthy female genital tissues. These include pains, excessive bleeding, swelling, problem with wound healing and urine retention. The long-term consequences include complication during childbirth, anemia, the formation of cysts and abscesses, keloid in urinary incontinence, dyspareunia, sexual dysfunction.

9. WHY FGM SHOULD BE ABOLISHED? Why FGM should be abolished? 1) It enforces gender inequality in the cultures that practice FGM women have minimal rights and are often view has the property of their families and then later their husbands. It links to girl dropping out of school early, child marriage and child pregnancy. All this have huge impact on girl’s life. 2)FGM has no health benefit; Despite insistence of people within the cultures that carry out the above procedure it has absolutely no health benefit. It is often believed that a girl who has undergone genital mutilation is cleaner and more fertile but this is known to be false. Instead, it increases vaginal and uterine infections as well as risk of infertility.

10. CON’T 3)It causes physical damage: Female Genital Mutilation or cutting is almost never performed by people with any medical training. As a result, the procedure causes numerous physical problems aside from the damage to the external genitalia. 4)It is a violation of human rights: Is a violation of the rights of girls and women. The UN General Assembly has adopted a resolution banning it because the practice is harmful and a serious threat to women. Because it is often carried out without consent, and forcibly against a girl’s will, it also contravenes treaties such as the universal Declaration of Human Rights. 5)It leads to psychological trauma: As is to be expected, female genital mutilation gives rise to often severe psychological trauma. Women who have been subjected to it suffer from post-traumatic stress, anxiety disorders and depression.

11. ROLE OF NURSES IN PREVENTING THE PRACTICE OF FGM. Nurses are in a unique position to contact and educate women who have been cut or are at risk for mutilation. To advocate for these women, a thorough understanding of the practice of FGM, its culture overtones, religious implications, and psychosexual effects is needed.

12. FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) : It refers to all procedures involving partial or total removal of the external female genitalia (organs) or other injures to female genital organs for non-medical reasons. These practices are mostly done on cultural believes. FGM practices leaves the victims (girls and young women) in severe pains, shocks, traumatic experience and excessive bleedings that can lead to complications of the reproductive organs or even death.

13. TYPES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION The world Health Organization (W.H.O) has classified FGM into four (4) types namely; TYPE 1 (CLITORIDECTOMY­­) : which involves the total or partial removal of the clitoris and in very rare cases, only the fold of skin surrounding the clitoris (PREPUCE). This practice is extremely painful and distressing and damages sexually sensitive skin.

14.   TYPES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION TYPE II (EXCISION) : this is the total or partial removal of the clitoris and the inner labia, with or without excision of the outer labia. TYPE III (INFIBULATION) : this involves narrowing or stitching the vagina opening (vagina orifice) by creating a covering seal. The seal is formed by cutting and repositioning the inner or outer labia with or without removing the clitoris. In this type females usually suffer during their first sexual intercourse or during child birth because they will have to cut open the vagina which can lead to harm on the mother or child or even both.

15.   TYPES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION Type IV (UNCLASSIFIED) : this consist of all other harmful procedures to the genitalia of women for non-medical purposes such as piercing, scraping, pricking and burning the genital area. The diagram below illustrates the types of FGM.  

16.   TYPES OF FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION

17. WHO PERFORM FEMALE GENITAL MUTILATION (FGM) The people who perform FGM usually have no knowledge or medical experience or training. The following persons usually act as doctors Traditional birth attendance Native doctors; these can either be male or female. Elderly women in the community Healthcare providers who have been sacked or have their license revoked due to misconduct.

18. REASONS FOR PRACTICING FGM Cultural reasons: some communities believe that FGM is an important custom to ensure that a girl is accepted within the community and eligible for marriage and also initiates girls into womanhood, social integration and also serve as an identification with cultural heritage. Families also see it as a way of safeguarding their daughter’s future. For beautification purposes that is it enhances beauty.

19. REASONS FOR PRACTICING FGM For health benefits: the people believes that practicing FGM help cures the ladies from different diseases such as depression, hysteria and kleptomania Prevention of stillbirths: it is believed that babies die when they touch the clitoris during birth in women pregnant for the first time. It promotes social and political status in women who have undergone the practice. Maintenance of cleanliness.

20.   MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES It has no medical benefits to the lady but rather poses harm such as; It causes severe pains and shocks to the lady Risk of acquiring infections such as HIV/AIDS, Hepatitis B and C due to the used of unsterilized non-surgical instrument for the procedure. It affects the girls psychological and psychosexual development because of the negative impact of the procedure and can last into womanhood.

21.   MEDICAL CONSEQUENCES Difficulties in menstruation Sexual dysfunction due to the smaller narrow nature of the vaginal opening. It can also lead to infertility Difficulties during childbirth It reduces the sexual desire and sensitivity of the girl. It causes excessive bleeding. It can lead to death

22. REASONS WHY FGM SHOULD BE ABOLISHED It has no medical benefit to the women. It leads to psychological trauma, female genital mutilation gives rise to psychological trauma for women who have been subjected to the practice leading to post traumatic stress, anxiety disorders and sometimes causes depression. It violates the human rights of the women involved. Most of these women are forced to satisfy these cultural practices against their own wish. It reinforces gender inequality;

23. ROLE OF NURSES IN PREVENTING THE PRACTICE OF FGM First find out the reason why they practice FGM. You base on the reason(s) above to educate the people who are practicing FGM on the negative health impact on the girls involved. When a girl child is delivered, you monitor to ensure that the girl child is safe from the practice. Educating them on the law guiding Female Genital Mutilation. Reporting people who have refused to abide by the laws to the authorities.

24. GROUP 9 MEMBERS NAME INDEX NUMBER SIGNATURE ZIEM CASTRO NMCGGNAC220009 YUSSIF RAJIBA TANI NMCGGNAC220044 ABDUL GAFARU SHAKIRATU NMCGGNAC220018 ABUBAKARI MEMUNATU NMCGGNAC220072 RUTH AMANA ADJEI NMCGGNAC220052 KANCHOG AMATA NMCGGNAC220061 ABDULAI HAWA MTCGGNAC210041 IBRAHIM ABDUL RAUF NMCGGNAC220096 AKYERE MAVIS NMCGGNAC220091 SUMANI ZARA NMCGGNAC220039