Introduction To General Anatomy Part 1.pptx

General Anatomy

1. Introduction To General Anatomy Anatomical Positions, Plane and Body Movements Dr. Rabia Inam Gandapore B.D.S, M.Phil Anatomy, Dip.Implant , CHPE, CHR

2. Goal/Aim (main objective) Describe the anatomical terms for planes, position, and movements.

3. Human Anatomy Study of the structure of human body Locations Relations Functions

4. Greek – Anatome : Cutting up or cut open Latin - Dissection: Dis = Apart Sect = Cutting Anatomy: Study Dissection: Techinque

5. TYPES OF ANATMOY Subdivisions

6. Types Of Anatomy General Anatomy Gross / Macroscopic/ Cadaveric Histology/ Microscopic Developmental / Embryology Neuroanatomy

7. Subdivisions Of Anatomy Regional : Study body in parts e.g. Upper and Lower limbs Thorax Abdomen etc Systemic : Study Systems e.g. Skeletal system Nervous system Respiratory system etc Cadaveric Anatomy : Dead embalmed (preserved) bodies ; 2 approaches

8. 2. Living Anatomy Inspection Palpation Percussion etc 3. Embryology Prenatal development changes (before birth)

9. 4. Histology Study of structures- tissues/cells with microscope 5. Topographic Anatomy (Surface Anatomy) Study of deeper parts of the body in relation to skin surface e.g. P alpating dorsalis pedis artery

10. 6. Radiological (Imaging Anatomy) Bones and deeper organs by plain or contrast radiographs e.g. Ultra sound , CBCT, CT 7. Comparative Anatomy Study if the other animals to explain changes in form ,structure and function in comparison to human body

11. 8. Physical Anthropology Prehistoric remains and external features changes 9. Applied Anatomy (Clinical Anatomy) Application of the anatomical knowledge

12. 10. Experimental Anatomy Factors that influence form, structure and function of parts of body 11. Genetics Information present in chromosomes

13. ANATOMICAL TERMINOLOGY P ositions, Planes, Directions and Movements

14. Anatomical Positions 1. Anatomic Position Standing upright Feet parallel & flat on floor Arms at either sides Palms facing forward Thumbs pointing away

15. 2. Normal Position / Fundamental P alm face towards body 3. Supine Lying on back Arms by the side Face & abdomen facing upwards Feet together

16. 4. Prone Opposite of Supine (lying on abdomen) Palms facing roof 5. Lithotomy Lying on back Legs upright supported in strap (baby delivery)

17. Anatomical Planes: An imaginary surface: slices body into specific sections (equal halves) Major Anatomic Planes: Median or midsagittal plane Sagittal Coronal/ Vertical / Frontal T ransverse/ Horizontal plane / Cross-sectional Oblique Cardinal plane Centre of gravity

18. 1. Median or Midsagittal Plane Divides body into right and left halves 2. Sagittal Plane Extends through body or organ vertically Next to mid-sagittal plane ( para-sagittal )

19. 3. Coronal / Vertical or Frontal Plane: Vertical plane divides body into anterior & posterior parts 4. Transverse Plane, Cross sectional or Horizontal: Cuts perpendicularly along long axis of body or organ, separating it into superior & Inferior

20. 5. Oblique P lane: Passes through specimen at an angle 6. Cardinal Plane: Traverses the centre of the body 7. Centre of Gravity : All 3 cardinal planes intersect the body

21. RELATIVE DIRECTIONAL TERMS OF BODY In Relation To Trunk, Neck And Face In Relation To Upper Limb In Relation To Lower Limb

22. In Relation to Trunk, Neck and Face Ventral (Anterior) Front Dorsal (Posterior) Back Medial Close to median plane Lateral Away from median plane Proximal ( Cranial/ Superior) Close to head end of body Distal (Caudal/ Inferior) Close to Lower end of trunk

23. Superficial Close to skin Deep Away from skin Ipsilateral Same side of the body (e.g. Left arm- left leg) Contralateral Opposite side of the body (e.g. Left arm –right leg) Invagination Projection inside Evagination Projection outside

24. In Relation to Upper Limb Ventral (Anterior) Front aspect Dorsal (Posterior) Back aspect Medial Border Along little finger /Medial border forearm/arm Lateral Border Follows thumb, lateral border forearm/arm Proximal Close to root of limb Distal Away from root Palmar Front of the palm Dorsal Back of palm Flexor Front of upper limb Extensor Back of upper limb

25. In relation to Lower Limb Posterior Back of lower limb Anterior Front of lower limb Medial border Lies along big toe Lateral border Lies along little toe Flexor Back of lower limb Extensor Front of lower limb Proximal Close to root of limb Distal Away from root of limb

26. MOVEMENTS A t Synovial joints ; 4 -categories 1. Gliding= Back and forth (side to side), No angle change 2. Angular= Angle increase (extension) or decrease (flexion) 3. Special= At certain joint (e.g. TMJ; Protraction, retraction) 4. Rotational= Revolves around longitudinal bone axis (e.g. medial rotation anterior surface turned towards midline)

27. Upper Limb (Arm & Shoulder) FLEXION EXTENSION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION

28. CIRCUMDUCTION Combination of; Abduction , Adduction, Extension & Flexion ROTATION (SHOULDER) Medial Lateral

29. Upper Limb Digits (Fingers) PRONATION SUPINATION ABDUCTION ADDUCTION CIRCUMDUCTION FLEXION EXTENSION

30. OPPOSITION FLEXION & EXTENSION (WRIST, METACARPOPHALANGEAL AND INTERPHALANGEAL JOINTS)

31. Lower Limb THIGH FLEXION AND EXTENSION ABDUCTION AND ADDUCTION MEDIAL AND LATERAL ROTATION CIRCUMDUCTION

32. KNEE FLEXION AND EXTENSION FOOT FLEXION AND EXTENSION EVERSION INVERSION DORSIFLEXION PLANTAR FLEXION

33. Neck NECK FLEXION AND EXTENSION LATERAL FLEXION PROTRACTION AND RETRACTION OPEN AND CLOSE MOUTH

34. Trunk FLEXION AND EXTENSION LATERAL FLEXION LATERAL ROTATION

35. Any Questions? THANK YOU