Introduction to genetic engineering by 77.pptx

Brief Introduction to genetic engineering

1. Introduction to Genetic Engineering

2. Definition The simple addition , deletion, or manipulation of single Trait Or gene or DNA in an organism to crate a desired change

3. Different Techniques of Genetic Engineering • CRISPR(Clustered of Regulary Interspaced Short Palindromic Sequences)
• RNA interference
• VIGS (Virus Induced Gene Silencing) • Transformation

4. Basic steps in genetic engineering Isolation of gene( Molecular scissors) Insert it in a host using a vector(Molecular carriers) Produce as many copies of the host as possible Seperate and purify the product of the gene

5. How to get a gene ? There are three possible way to get a gene of interest. (a) To isolate it from the chromosome. (b) To synthesise it chemically and (C) To make it from mRNA. Genes can be isolated from chromosome by cutting the chromosome of the gene by special enzyme known as Restriction Endonucleases. Genes can also be synthesised in laboratory. Gene can also be synthesised from mRBA , using reverse transcriptase.

6. Molecular Scissors Restriction Endonucleases These are natural enzymes of bacteria , which they use for there protection against viruses In 1970, Hamilton O. Smith, at Johns Hopkins University, isolated the first restriction enzyme EcoR1, a commonly used restriction enzyme ( which cuts double stranded DNA )

7. Molecular carrier: Vector The meann by which the recombinant DNA is introduced into the host is known as vector. Plasmid: a common type of vector. Plasmid was discovered by investigators while studying the sex life of the intestinal bacterium Escherichia coli. Plasmid are natural Circular DNA molecule which carries gene for antibiotics resistance and fertility etc. One of the plasmid discovered earlier: pSC 101 has antibiotic resistance gene for tetracycline p BR322 has antibiotic resistance gene for Tetracycline as well as Ampicillin.

8. Recombinant DNA The plasmid is cut with the same enzyme which was used for the isolation of the gene of interest The gene of interest (insulin) is then Joined with the sticky ends produced after cutting the plasmid with the help of another special known as DNA ligase. This enzyme seals the foreign piece of DNA into the vector Now two different piece of DNA have been joined together, known as recombinant DNA.

9. Expression Host cell takes up recombinant DNA When they grown a clone forms , each new cell contains the gene of interest, which Will express itself and make products From this clone the cloned gene can be isolated for further analysis,

10. Application of genetic engineering in health

11. Application of genetic engineering in agriculture Golden Rice(High VitA content) Edible vaccines Insect Resistant crops Drought Tolerant Crop varieties Salt tolerant Crop Varieties Incresed Yield Bofertilizers

12. Application of genetic engineering in environment Biosensors
Biofuel
Bioremediation Wetlands for Wastewater Treatments