Introduction to graphic design mo1 Colour theory M3 FINAL.pdf

This Note is important get Basic Knowledge in Graphic Design

1. INTRODUCTION TO GRAPHIC DESIGN
MODULE-01

2. 1.
ARTWO
RK
Artworkisdefineasillustrativeworkpreparedforany kindofprint
productordigitalMedia.Thatmayinclude,
•Colors
•Charts
•Shapes
•Painting
•Photographs
•Drawing
•Pictures
•Letters
•Logos
•Diagrams

3. 1.
ARTWORK
TherearetwotypesofArtwork
• Paperbaseddrawingartwork
• Computer based artwork

4. 1.ARTWORK-PAPERBASEDDRAWING
ARTWORK
Longbeforecomputersandsoftwarewereinventedforartists,
theyusedpaper- basedarts.Peoplehavebeenstrugglingto
capturewhattheyseeandshareitwithothers.
Theyusedanythingtheyhaveavailableatthetime.firstmud,
thencolorfulclay,charredwood,sharpanimalbones,then
specialpigmentsmixedwithwateroroil.
They’vebeendrawingwithpencilsandinksonpaper,painting
withpaintsoncanvas.
Paintingscanbestartedfromsketch,getsfilledandeventually
replacedwithcolors.
Learntomanipulateapaintbrushtocreatedifferentpaintstrokesprovidesaphysical,tactile
experience.Basicallyyouneedmoreskillstofollowthisprocess. Unlikethedigitaldevices,inhere
mistakescan’talwaysbeeasilyerased.Itshardtofixtheirerrors.Inthatcaseartistsgivemore
attentiontogetthebestresultswithoutmistakes.
Paperbasedartworksaren’teasilyreproduced.Eachcreationistrulyaone-of-a-kindpiece,soitis
morevaluethandigitalartpieces.

5. PabloPicasso
WeepingWomen
Leonardo- da-vinci
MonaLisa
IvanPeiris
WORLDFAMOUSPAPERBASED
DRAWINGS.

6. 1.ARTWORK-COMPUTERBASED
ARTWORK
Todaywehavesomethingamazingandalwaysnew.Thedigital
world.Computers,smartphones,ortabletsusetheirscreensfor
everycreation.Wetouchtheicons,openthefoldersanddraw.
Softwarecanturnyourcomputerintoacanvasandapalettefull
ofvariouspaints.
Earlydigitalpaintingprogramswerebasedoncoloringthepixels
withamouse,buttodaytheyoffermuchmore.thedigitalpaint
blendsnaturally,canbemixed,andisappliedwithaspecial
stylusonagraphicstablet.
Agooddigitalhardware/softwarecombinationletstheartist
utilizeallthetechniquestocreatelight,thinlineswithalight
stroke,dark,thicklineswithaheavystroke,andevenshades. You
caneasilychangethesizeandshapeofthesimulatedbrushtipto
achievevariouseffectstoo.
Digital world is not bound by many limitations of the material world. You can get all the colors the
human eye can see, you can change their vividness and brightness, you can mix them and erase
withouta trace.Easilyreproducedandsharedinstantly.

7. StefanSagmeister
LouiseFili
COMPUTERBASED
DRAWINGS

8. 1.ARTWORK-PAPERBASEDDRAWING
ARTWORKVS COMPUTERBASED
ARTWORK
Paperbaseddrawingartwork Computerbasedartwork
IncreasedVersatility IncreasedAccessibility
ForcedProblem-Solving Easytoclearmistakes(undo,erase,delete)
Hands-onExperiences Newupdates,Technologies
Needlotofequipment Convenience.Alwaysreadytouse
UniquePieces IncreasedProductivity
Expensivearts Easytoshare
Needmoreskills Lessskills withcomputerliteracy

9. THEFACTSWHICHSHOULDBECONSIDEREDBEFORE
CREATINGARTWORK
•Printingmethodoftheartwork
•Appropriateapplication
•SizeOfThe Artwork(Accordingtocustomerrequirement)
•ColorMode
•Resolution
ThefactswhichshouldbeconsideredwhilesendingArtworktotheprintingprocess
•AppropriateFile Formatfortheprintingmethod
•FileLinks(Check images arecorrectlyattached)
•Fonts (Sendfontfilesorconverttextasobjects/curves)

10. PRINTING&PUBLICATIONMETHODSOF
ARTWORK
•OffsetPrint
•DigitalPrint(inkjet)
•Electrophotography
•GravurePrint
•Flexography
•ScreenPrint
•PhotoPrint
•WebSites

11. 2.
PIXEL
Pixelisthe smallestunit/elementof an image.
Pixelsarearrangedinrowsandcolumnsinorderto
producea completeimage.
Pixelwordis acombinationoftwowords"picture”
and”Element”
Picture+Element
Pixel

12. 2.
PIXEL
Ithasspecificcolor ValueandLocation
ColorValues
Location

13. 2.PIXEL-PIXEL
DEPTH
Pixeldepthalsocalledbit depthorcolordepth
Bit depthreferasNumberofbits/ colorinformationusedtorepresent
eachpixel inRGBspace.
When greater the bit depth, the more colors it can store and bigger the
file.
1bitcolors = 2
1
= 2colors(blackandwhite)
2
bitcolors =2
2
= 4colors
8bitcolors =2
8
= 256colors
R G B
8bit 8bit 8bit
256
(256x256x256
(8+8+8=
256
=16,777,216colors)
24bit)
256

14. 2.PIXEL-PIXELASPECT
RATIO
Pixelaspect ratioisa mathematicalratiothatdescribeshowthewidth ofa
pixelina digitalimagecomparestotheheightofthatpixel.
Inother words,itmeansproportionalrelationshipbetween theheight and
widthofaimage.

15. 03.PRINT&WEBGRAPHICELEMENTS–
COLORSYSTEM
UseforPrinting
Resolution–300ppi
CMYKColorMode
Use for Web interfaces
Resolution –72ppi
RGBColorMode

16. 03.PRINT&WEBGRAPHICELEMENTS-RASTER
GRAPHIC ELEMENTS
•Rastergraphiciscommonlyreferredasbitmaps.
•RasterGraphicsmadebypixels.(pixels=smallestelementofanimage)
•Rasterisatypeof digitalimagethatconsistofgridsoftiny dotscalled
pixels.

17. 03.PRINT&WEBGRAPHICELEMENTS-RASTERGRAPHIC
ELEMENTS
•Characteristicsofarasterimage
Resolution
NumberOfPixelsOrDotsInOneSquare Inch,WhichUsedToDisplayAn
Image(Dpi-DotsPerInchOr Ppi -PixelsPerInch).
Bitdepth
ColorInformationUsedToRepresentEachPixel(1 Bit,8Bit,24Bit)
ColorModel
RGB,CMYK,Grayscale
Dimensions
4”x6”,8”x4”

18. 03.PRINT&WEBGRAPHICELEMENTS-RASTER
GRAPHIC ELEMENTS
•Rasterimagesareresolutiondependent.Inthatcaseitisdifficulttoresize
imageswithout any qualityloss.Whenyouresizea RasterGraphicitlossits
Quality.
•Whenyoureducethesizeofabitmapimageyoumustthrowawaypixels.
•Whenyouincreasethe sizeof a bitmapimage,thesoftwarehastocreatenew
pixels.Whencreatingpixels,thesoftwaremustestimatethecolorvaluesof
the newpixelsbased on thesurroundingpixels.
Thisprocess iscalledinterpolation.

19. 03.PRINT&WEBGRAPHICELEMENTS-RASTER
GRAPHIC ELEMENTS
•Raster Graphic Software Programs are reffer as Paint programs Examples
AdobePhotoshop
CorelPhotoPaint
GIMP
MsPaint
•Fileformat:
.jpeg
.tiff
.png
.gif
.bmp

20. 03.PRINT&WEBGRAPHICELEMENTS-VECTOR
GRAPHIC ELEMENTS
•Vector graphic is made up of lines and curves defined by mathematical
objects
•Vectorgraphicisthegraphicalrepresentationof geometricalentities
such as circles,rectanglesorsegments.
•Vectorgraphicisresolutionindependent.Youcanenlarge the vector
images asmuchasyouwantwithoutanyqualityloss.

21. 03.PRINT&WEBGRAPHICELEMENTS-VECTOR
GRAPHIC ELEMENTS
•VectorGraphicSoftwareProgramsarerefferas Drawingprograms
Examples
AdobeIllustrator
CorelDraw
•Fileformat:
Vector Files(.ai,.cdr)
.eps
.pdf
.svg

22. RASTERGRAPHICVSVECTOR
GRAPHIC
RasterGraphic VectorGraphic
PixelBaseImage Basedonmathematical
defineLine, Curves,Fills
Paintprogram DrawingProgram
Resolutiondependent. ResolutionIndependent
RasterscannotenlargewithoutanyqualitylossVectorscanenlargewithoutanyqualityloss
Pixelsbecomevisiblewhenenlarged (pixelated)No anyqualityloss.ButSmall
errorsin adrawing maybecome
visiblewhenenlarged
Jaggededged Sharpeedged
Individualelementscannotbegrouped Individual elements can be
grouped & ungrouped anytime
Uselessprocessingpower Usemoreprocessingpower

23. RASTERGRAPHICVSVECTOR
GRAPHIC
RasterGraphic VectorGraphic
Largefilesize(Needmorestoragespace) Smallfilesize(Needlessstoragespace)
Esaytocreat. Needskillstocreate
Requirehigherresolutionsand anti-aliasing
for asmooth appearance.
Representasseparateanddistinctobjects.
thereforeeveryobject canbere-editedatanytime.
Cannotconverttovector Canconverttoraster
Costless Costmoreascomparedtorastergraphic
SuitableforWeb SuitableforPrint
Fileextentions-.jpg,.tif,.gif,.png, .bmp Fileextentions-.ai,.cdr,.eps, .pdf,.svg

24. 4.ToolsandEquipmentUsed
•ComputerwithGraphic Software
•Printer(Color,Black&White)
•ExternalDevices(CD,DVD,USBDrivers)
•Scanner
•Drawing Pad(GraphicTablet)
•Ruler
•InternetFacilities
•ColorGuide
•DigitalCamera

25. 4.TOOLSANDEQUIPMENT
USED

26. GRAPHIC
ELEMENTS

27. 5.GRAPHIC
ELEMENTS
•The Graphic Elementsthateverydesignershouldknow
beforebeginninganyprojecttosuccesstheir Artwork.
•Graphicdesign elementsarethe buildingblocksofgraphics.
•Designermusthavetheabilitytoworkwiththeseelements
togetherandarrangesthemcorrect.
Line
Shape
Form
Color
Texture
Space

28. •Lineis the firstandmostbasic elementofdesign.
•Line istwoconnectedpoints, thatusefullfordividingspace&
drawingtheeyetospecificlocation.
•CharacteristicofLine
•Width(thick,thin)
•Length(Short,Long)
•Direction(Horizontal,Vertical,Diagonal,Curve)
•Focus(fuzzy,Blurry)
•Feeling(smooth,jagged)
5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
LINE

29. TypesofLine
•Actual(Linesthatarephysicallypresentin thedesign)
•Implied(Linesthatarenotactuallydrawnbut createdby
agroupofobjectsseenfromadistance.)
•Psychic(Thereisnorealline, buttheplacementoftheobjects
ordirectioncausestheviewer’seye tofollow.)
5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
LINE

30. and
Typesof LineDirection
•Horizontallines
•Horizontallinesareparalleltothehorizon.
•They suggestcalmandquiet,a relaxedcomfort
•VerticalLines
•Verticallinesareperpendiculartothe horizon.
•They cansuggeststability,especiallywhenthicker.
•DiagonalLines
•Theyarefilledwithrestlessanduncontrolledenergy.
•They canappear to beeitherrisingorfallingand conveyaction
motion.
5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
LINE

31. Shapes
•Shapesare definedbyboundaries
•Shapes is two-dimensional area
enclosed by a line and has height and
width, butno depth.
•Whenalinecrossesitselforintersects
with other lines to enclose a space, it
createsa shape.
•Shapes are defined by boundaries,
suchas alinesorcolor,andtheyare
oftenused to emphasizea portion of
thepage.
5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
SHAPE
•GeometricShapes
OrganicShapes
PositiveShapes
•NegativeShapes

32. 5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
FORMS
Forms
•FormRefersToObjects ThatAreThree-dimensional(3D) Shape.
•FormHaveHeight,WidthAndDepth.
•FormIs DifferentThan ShapeBecauseForm AddsDepth.
•FormIs UsefulForDefiningSpace,AddingVolumeToA Composition And
AddingContrast.

33. 5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
COLOR
•Coloristheelementofart thatisproducedwhenlight,strikingan
objectisreflectedbacktothe eye.
•It can stand alone, as a background, or be applied to other elements,
likelines, shapes, texturesor typography.
•Colorcreatesa moodwithin the piece andtellsastoryaboutthe brand.
Everycolorsayssomethingdifferent,andcombinationscanalterthat
impressionfurther.

34. 5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
COLOR
•Characteristicsofcolor
•Hue:Purecolorbeforeanyblack orwhiteisaddedtoit.
•Value
•Shade:Theaddition of black toa hue,making itadarkerversionof
thepurecolor.
•Tint:Theaddition ofwhitetoahue,makingitalighterversionof the
purecolor.
•Saturation
•Tone:The addition ofgrey toa hue, making amutedversionof the
purecolor.
•Intensity:thebrightnessorpurityof a color.

35. ColorWheel
5.GRAPHICELEMENTS-
COLOR

36. 5.GRAPHICELEMENTS–
TYPOGRAPHY
•Typographyistheart of arranginglettersandtextina waythatmakesclear,
andvisuallyappealingtothereader.typographyplays ahugeroleinthis
process.
•Typographyisimportanttoexpresstheidea. Also thestylesareequally
essential.
•Good typography could be the difference between someone staying on your
Artworkfor oneminuteormore.
•elements oftypography
•FontsandTypefaces
•Contrast
•Consistency
•Whitespace
•Alignment
•Color
•Hierarchy

37. 5.GRAPHICELEMENTS–
TEXTURE
•Textureisthe surfacequality(Rough,Smooth,
glossyand depth)
•Textureisthe surfacelookofan object
createdbyvaryingdarkandlight areas.
•Textureisformed byrepeating the entityor
elementsofdesign in differentscales,density,
colororpattern.
•Texturescancreatemore3-dimensional
appearanceon
2–dimensionalsurface.
•Textureishowsomething feelsorappearsto
feel.

38. 5.GRAPHICELEMENTS–
TEXTURE
TypesofTexture
•ActualTexture
Arealtextureis oneyoucan
actuallyfeel
with your hand, such as a piece of
sand paper,
woodoranimalfur.
•ImpliedTexture
Atexturecreatedonatwo
dimensionalsurfacethatactually
has smooth surface when touched
suchas paintor photograph

39. 5.GRAPHICELEMENTS–
SPACE
Space
•The spaceandhowitisused iscruciallyimportantindesign.The“white
space”(also called negativespace)becameusedwidelybecauseit
allowsthehumaneye toreadeasier.
•Spaceisthe areaaround,below,aboveandwithinan artwork,it isthe
illusionofdepthorspaceonaflatsurface.
•Spacearoundobjectsisoftencallednegativespace.
•Spaceismaking thingslook near,far,aboveorbelowother objectsona
page.

40. SPACE
•Size–Objectsthatarefarawayappearsmaller.Objects
that areclose totheviewerappearlarger
•Overlap–Shapesinthe distancewillbe overlappedby
shapes thatarecloser
•Shading–Addingshading&shadowstotwodimensional
shapes canmakethem appearthreedimensional
•Placement–Objectsthatarefarawayareplaced closer
tothehorizonline.
•LinerPerspective–Parallellinesand edgesseemtogo
towardoneor morevanishingpoint.
•Valueand Focus–Objectsthatarefarawayappear
lighterincolor&lessclearthanobjectsthatareclose

41. COLOUR THEORY & INPUT IMAGES
MODULE -03

42. 6.
COLOR

43. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
•Colorisapropertyoflightandimportantelementof Art.
•Oureyesseeonlya smallpart of theelectromagneticspectrum.
•Visiblelightismade upof the wavelengthsoflightbetween infraredand
ultravioletradiation(between400and700 nanometers).Thesefrequencies,
takentogether,makeupwhite(sun) light.

44. When white light is passed through a prism it is decomposed into a band of
itscomponenthues.This iscalledthe spectrum.
6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY

45. Howdoweseecolor?
1.Lighthittheredsurface
2.Itabsorbed purple,blue,green,yellowand orange.
3.Redlight reflected throughtheredsurfaceanddirectedin toeyes
6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY

46. Howdoeyesee color?
6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY

47. ColorWheel
Thecolorwheelwasinventedin1666byIsaacNewton,whomapped the
colorspectrum onto a circle.
Sincethen,scientistsandartistshavestudiedanddesigned numerous
variationsof thisconcept.
Thecolorwheel isthebasisofcolortheory,because itshowsthe
relationshipbetweencolors.
6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY

48. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
Definitions (orcategories)ofcolors basedonthecolorwheel
PrimaryColors
Colorsthatcannotbe madebymixing othercolors(Red,Yellow,Blue)
SecondaryColors
Colorsmadeby mixingprimarycolors(Orange,Green,Purple)
TertiaryColors
Colors made by mixing primary & Secondary colors
(Blue-green, blue-purple, Red-purple, Red-orange,
Yellow-green,Yellow-orange))

49. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
ColorCombinations/Harmony
The theoryof combiningcolorsinafashion thatisharmonioustotheeye.
Complementary
•Usecolorsthatare onoppositesidesof the colorwheel.Thisprovides a high
contrastandhighimpactcolorcombination.
Monochromatic
•Uses variations(tints,tonesandshades)ofasingle hue
Analogous
•use colorsthatare next toeachother onthe colorwheel
triadic
•The triadiccolorschemeuses threecolors equallyspacedaroundthecolorwheel

50. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
colortemperature
•The color wheel can also be divided into warm and cool colors. The warmth or coolness
of acolorisalsoknownasitscolortemperature.
•Warmcolorsarethe colorsfromredthroughto yellow.
Thesecolorsaresaidtobringtomind warmth,likethesun.
•Cool colors are the colors from blue to green and purple.
Thesecolorsaresaidtobringtomind coolness, likewater.

51. 6.ColorBasicsandTheory
colorsystems

52. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
colorsystems–AdditiveColor
•Additivecolorsarecreatedbymixing spectral lightin
varyingcombinations
(By mixingred,greenandblue indifferentcombinations)
•Combiningall threecolorsproduceswhite.
•Televisions,mobile phones, tabletsandcomputer
monitorsusetheadditive colorsystem

53. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
colorsystems–SubtractiveColor
•Subtractivecolorinvolvesthe mixing ofspectralcomponents
(pigments,inks anddyes)
•Combiningall threecolorsproducesmuddybrown.
•Color paintings, color photography and all color printing
processes usethe subtractiveprocessto reproducecolor.

54. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
colorsystems–SubtractiveColor
•In subtractive color printing, a fourth color, black (K, which stands
forkey)isaddedtomakefour-colorprinting(CMYK).
•If we only used cyan, magenta and yellow to make black, we would
getabrownishcolordue toimpuritiesinthose ink colors.
•The black ink helps neutralize images and graphics and adds
densitytothe shadows.
•The combinationofthesecolors,usedontheirownor overlapped
withoneanother

55. 6.ColorBasicsandTheory
colorsystems

56. 6.ColorBasicsandTheory

57. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
ColorGamut
•The rangeofcolorsthatadeviceiscapableofproducingis
knownasitscolorgamut.
Colorsvisible tothehumaneye
Colorsdisplayedon atypicalcomputermonitor
Colorsthatcanbe reproducedbyaprinterusingCMYK
tonerorink.

58. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
Munsellcolorsystem
•TheMunsell colorsystem isacolorspacethat
specifiescolors basedonthreecolor dimensions:
•hue
•value(lightness)
•chroma(Saturation).

59. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
Tints,TonesandShades
•Tint:The additionof white to ahue,makingit alighterversionof the purecolor.
•Tone:The additionofgreytoa hue, makingamutedversionofthepurecolor.
•Shade:The additionof blacktoahue,makingit adarkerversionofthepure color.

60. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
ColorSymbolism
•Red:It’s thecolorof
passionatelove,seduction,violence,
danger, anger,hungerandadventure
•Yellow:It’sthecolorof
happiness, and optimism, of enlightenment,
creativity,sunshineandspring.

61. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
ColorSymbolism
•Blue:It’sthecolorof
trust,dignity,intelligence,authority,
cleanliness, strength, dependability, coolness,
peace,spiritual,infinity
•Green:It’sthecolorof
Natural, eco-friendly, soothing, restful, jealousy,
envy,peaceful, grow,money,fresh

62. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
ColorSymbolism
•Purple:It’sthecolorof
magic,mystery,spirituality,the sub-conscious,
creativity, dignity, royalty, light-hearted, floral,
romantic,intellectualanddignified
•Orange:It’sthecolorof
energy, vitality,cheer,excitement,adventure,
warmth,andgoodhealth

63. 6.COLORBASICSAND
THEORY
ColorSymbolism
•Black:It’sthecolorof
Protection,classy, death,power,bold,
authority,luxury
•White:It’sthecolorof
Goodness, innocence, purity, noble,
clean,faith

64. 6.ColorBasicsandTheory

65. PRINCIPLESOFGRAPHIC
DESIGNS

66. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
•The Principles of Graphic Design that every designer should know before beginning
anyprojecttosuccesstheir Artwork.
•Principles refertothewayadesignelementsareusedtogether.
•Design principles are like rules, a set of guidelines based on practice and
researchforusingdesignelementstogethereffectively.
•Agooddesignerwillkeepthese principlesandguidelinesintheir toolkitandwill
consciouslyusethemtodeveloptheir ideas.
•Adesignershouldfollowtogetherandarrangesthemcorrect.
Balance Alignment Proportion
Movements Repetition WhiteSpace
Proximity Contrast Unity/Harmony

67. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Balance
•Balanceis anequal distributionofweight
Balanceis thedistributionof thevisualweightof objects,colors,texture,andspace
Balance makes a design feel stable and is considered when designers make layout and
compositiondecisions.
Thereare three differenttypesof balance:
−Symmetrical
−Asymmetrical
−Radial

68. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Typesofbalance:
Symmetrical/Formal
•Bothsidesofanartequallywith visualweight
•The weight and value of a composition is essentially mirrored over an imaginary vertical line
downthecenterofthePage..

69. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Asymmetrical/Informal
•The two sides are not mirrored, but the elements are arranged so that there is a sense of
balance.
•Itmeans eachsideof animaginarylinearedifferentyetequal.
•The useofasymmetryindesignallowsformorefreedomofcreativity

70. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Radial
•Designelementsareplacedina circular pattern.Theygiveasenseofmovement,dynamism.
•Itbasedon acirclewith itsdesignextendingfrom center
•Itmeanslinesor shapesgrowfrom center

71. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Movements
•Movementis the path oureyesfollowwhenwelookataworkofart.
•Movementis the use of lines, color,andrepetitiontocreatetheillusionofmotion.
•The purposeofmovementistocreate unityintheartworkwitheyetravel.
•Thiscanbe achievedby usingrepetition,rhythm,andaction.

72. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Proximity
•Proximityis thegroupingandshapingof objectsinacomposition.
•By movingelementsclosertogetherorfurtherapart,weareapplyingthe proximitydesignprinciple.
•Thingsthatarerelatedshouldbeclosetogether.
•Thingsthatare unrelatedshouldbefurther apart.
•Audienceswillassume thatelementsthatarenotneareachotherinadesignarenot closelyrelated.
•Byusingproximityprinciple,Viewersshouldneverhavetoworkattryingtofigureoutwhichcaption
goeswithwhichgraphicorwhetherornotalineoftextisasubtitleoralineoftextunrelatedtothe
title.

73. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Repetition
•Repetitionisthereusingof the sameorsimilarelementsthroughoutthedesign.
•Reusing of the same or similar elements throughout your design. Repetition of certain design
elementswillbringaclearsenseof unity, consistency,andcohesiveness.
•The useof repetitionsuchasparticularcolor orcolor scheme,aconsistentuseof a typefaceorsetof
chosen typefaces, shapes, patterns, alignment and photography style, create a noticeable and
memorable look andfeel.

74. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Alignment
•Alignmentusefororganizeelements,togroupelements,tocreatebalance,to
create structure, to create connections between elements, to create a sharp and clear
outcome.
•Alignmentis aninvisiblelinevisualelementsare alignedto,butcanalsobehintedat
physically.
•Alignmentcanbeusedtoachieveaparticularlookandfeel.
principle
er
•Therearetwoalignment s:
•Edge Alignment
Edge alignment is eith
to the left, right, top or
bottom.
•Center Alignment
Center alignment as it
statesisalignedtoa
center line down the
middle or acrossthe
horizontal.

75. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Contrast
•Contrastsimplymeansdifference.Differencebetweenrelatedelements.
•Everysingle elementofadesignsuchasline, shape,color,texture,size,
space,type,andsooncanbemanipulatedtocreatecontrast.
•Contrastcanbecreatedthroughcolor,typographyandtexture.
•Contrastbetweenelementsmakessurethatsomeofthemstandoutmorethanothers.
•Ifthe contrastishigh,the elementsaredistinctfromeachother,help theviewermake
senseof the visualandattractinterest
•Weakcontrastis notonlyboring,butitcanbeconfusing.
•Contrastaddsvarietytothetotaldesignandcreatesunity.

76. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Contrast
•Contrast can help you create a design in which one item is clearly dominant.
Thishelps theviewer“get”thepointofyourdesignquickly.
example,
•throughthe manipulationofspace(nearandfar,emptyandfilled),
•throughcolorchoices (darkandlight, coolandwarm),
•bytextselection (serifandsansserif,boldandnarrow),
•bypositioningof elements(topandbottom,isolatedandgrouped)

77. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Proportion/Scale
•Scaleis howdesignelementsrelatetoeachotherinsize,weightandplacement.
•Proportionistherelativesize,weightandplacementof anelementtothewholedesign.
•Proportionrepresentsthe relativescaleofelementscomparedtoeach otherinadesign.
•Ifrelativesizeoftwoelementsbeing comparedseemswrongoroutofbalance,wecalledit
“Outof Proportion.”
•The rightscale andproportionratiosofelementshelp bringa feelingofbalance.

78. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
WhiteSpace
It is the space inside or between the layouts, lines of paragraphs, between
paragraphs,betweenelements.
White space, or negative space, describes the empty part of the design
composition, or the part of the design that is left untouched. it’s a powerful
designtool.
White space isn’t literally an empty space with a white background, It can be of
anycolor,texture,patternsorevenabackgroundimage.
Whitespace helps a designfeelorganizedanduncluttered,anditcanbeusedto
communicatethedesigner’sconceptfurther.
Whitespace givesaplaceforthe eyetorest,whichit needsinorderto absorb
themessage.

79. 7.PRINCIPLESOF GRAPHIC
DESIGNS
Unity/harmony
Ifall the elementsworktogetherproperly,thenyou’veachievedunity.
Whenthe designelements areworking inunitythat designhasharmony.
Unity and harmony speak to the intangible feeling that all design elements belong
together,creatingasenseofcompleteness.
The goal of any design is to communicate something. Without strong unity, this
communicationbreaksdownandthe designfails.

80. 8.GestaltPrinciples

81. 8.GESTALT
PRINCIPLES
•ThetermGestaltmeans
‘‘unified whole’’
“organizedwhole”
•"The sumofthe wholeisgreaterthanitsparts"istheidea behindthe principle of gestalt.
SimilarityContinuityClosureProximityFigure/Ground
(TheGestaltPrinciplesarea setoflawsarisingfrom 1920s’psychology,describinghowhumanstypicallysee objects by
groupingsimilar elements,recognizing patternsandsimplifyingcompleximages.)

82. 8.GESTALT
PRINCIPLES
Similarity
•Similaritymeansarelationship betweensimilarelementswithinadesign.
•Designer perceivethemas agrouporpattern.
•Theycanbegroupedbybasicelements suchascolor,shape,size,textureandvalue.

83. 8.GESTALT
PRINCIPLES
Continuity
•Elementsarrangedinalineora softcurveareperceivedtobemorerelated thanthosearranged
randomlyorinaharshline.
•Continuityoccurswhentheeyeis compelledtomovethroughone objecttoanotherobject
•The humaneyefollowsthepaths,lines,andcurvesofadesign,andpreferstoseeacontinuousflow
of visualelementsrather thanseparated objects.

84. 8.GESTALT
PRINCIPLES
Closure
•The humaneyepreferstoseecompleteshapes.Ifthe visualelementsarenotcomplete,the usercan
perceiveacompleteshape byfillinginmissingvisualinformation.
•TheClosurealsooccurswhenanobjectisincomplete,orpartsofitarenotenclosed.
•If its incomplete, our brain will jump to conclusions by filling in the gaps/missing parts and creating a
unified whole.
•Closurecanhelpusminimizevisualnoiseandconvey a message,reinforcinga conceptwithinapretty
smallspace.

85. 8.GESTALT
PRINCIPLES
Proximity
•Objectsthatarenear one anotherinspace ortime areperceivedasbelong together.
•Proximityoccurs whenelementsareplaced closetogether.Theytendtobe perceivedasagroup.
•Simpleshapesarrangedtogethercancreateamorecomplex image.

86. 8.GESTALT
PRINCIPLES
Figure/Ground
•Your brain will interpret surrounding area as ground and Shape as figure . Also lighter and darker
colorscaninfluencewhatisviewedasthe figureandwhatisviewedastheground.
•As aresult,itcontaintwodistinct images.Oneviewwillbecomemoredominantwhilethe otherone
willgethardertosee.
•Humaneyeisolatesshapesfrombackgroundsandrecognizethe differentviews.

87. 9.PageLayouts
Pagelayoutisthepartofgraphic
designthatdealsinthearrangementof
visualelementsonapage.Itgenerally
involvesorganizationalprinciplesof
compositiontoachievespecific
communicationobjectives.
Thehigh-levelpagelayoutinvolves
decidingontheoverallarrangementof
textandimages,andpossiblyonthe
sizeorshapeofthemedium.

88. NEW
PAGE
•Size
•Margins
•BleedingArea – 3mm–5mm
•Orientation(Landscape, Portrait)
•Column
•NoofPages
•Resolution–300ppi
•ColorMode-cmyk
Design Page Layouts ( Character Palette,
ParagraphPalette)
⚫Font
⚫FontsSize
⚫Tracking(SpacebetweenCharacters)
⚫LineSpace(Leading)
⚫ParagraphSpace (AFTER/BEFORE)
⚫Margins(Top,Bottom, Left,Right)
⚫Buletts&Numbering
⚫Table
⚫Borders(Frames)
⚫Images(TextWrap)
⚫Headings/SubHeadings
⚫Column &GutterSpace(SpacebetweenColumn)
⚫Header/Footer(Nameof Magazine,PageNumbers)
⚫FontColors/BackgroundColors
⚫Styles(Character/Paragraph)
⚫TextWrap
⚫Hypernations
⚫Justifications(Left,Right,Centre,Justify,ForceJustify)
⚫Tab
⚫Indent(Left,Right,FirstLine,Hanging)
⚫DropCap
⚫Graph

89. PAGE
LAYOUT
Pagelayoutisthepartofgraphic
BasicPagelayoutDesign

91. PAGELAYOUT
EXAMPLES
PagelayoutTutorials
https://youtu.be/a5KYlHNKQB8
https://youtu.be/5nJo71SFQiA
https://youtu.be/bPBr0OU9WIY
https://learntv.lk/video/grade-10/ict/ict-
10-02-64-512k.mp4

92. 9.PAGE
LAYOUTS
Howtocreate balancedpagelayouts
•Useagrid
•Chooseasinglefocalpoint
•UsetheRuleofThirds
•Usewhitespace
•Repeatdesignelements
•Usehierarchy
•Usescale,contrast,andharmony

93. 10.GRAPHICDESIGNRULES&
GUIDELINES
•Never stretchtypeandimages
•Havealogicalcolorpalette
•Consideryourmedium
•Don’tfollow designtrends
•Balancethewhitespace
•Neverusedisplayfontsforbodycopy
•Usetherighttools
•Keepyourlinelengthsshort
•Usethecorrectalignment
•Don’tuse toomanyeffects

94. 10.GRAPHICDESIGNRULES&
GUIDELINES
•useagrid
•Keepitsimple
•Watch YourGrammar,Spelling,andPunctuation
•EstablishaVisualHierarchy
•DesignwithConsistency
•AvoidPoorLegibility
•AvoidColorDiscord
•Graphicsandtextshouldbeproportionally organized
•Raster-basedimagesare nolongeratrend
•Alignmentshouldbetakencareofwell

95. 11.
BROCHURE
•Abrochureisanpaperdocumentusedfor
advertising.
•It’sapromotionaldocument.
•Brochures can be any size, have a variety of
content and be used to serve a variety of
purposes.
•Brochuresusedtointroduceacompany,products,
services,benefits andcontacts.
•A brochure can also be a set of related unfolded
papersputintoapocketfolderorpacket.
•Brochures are distributed by mail, handed
personallyorplacedinbrochureracks.

96. 11.Brochure
FoldTypes

97. 11.
BROCHURE
•TheHalfFold
•Asingle pieceof paperfoldedinhalf,tocreateabookletappearance.When
opened,thistype of brochurepresentsthe readerwithtwomaininternalpanels.
•TheTri-Fold
•One of the most popular types of brochure folds. divides your sheet of paper or
card into three. Then both the right and left panels fold on top of the central panel,
typicallywithrightunderneaththeleft.
•TheGateFold
•Less popular brochure option. the page is divided into one large panel and two
smallerpanelswhicharehalf thesizeofthelarger panel.Thetwosmallerpanels
thenfoldinwardsto looklikea gate.Dueto aslightly highercost,typicallyusedto
target specific,high-endaudiences regardinganiche product,eventorbrand.
•TheZFold
•Popularformofbrochurefold.Thisissimilartothe tri-fold,inthatit’scomprisedof
threedouble-sidedpanels,however,thewayits foldedmirrors theshapeof an
accordionratherthanfoldinginwards.

98. dvertising
dvertistment
A
12.Advertisement

99. 12.Advertisement
Advertising is an audio or visual form of marketingcommunicationthat
employsanopenlysponsored,non-personalmessagetopromoteorsella
product,serviceoridea.
•Understandtheproductorserviceyouwanttodesign
anadvertisementfor.
•Considerthemediumforyour advertisement.
•Writeastrong,highlightheadline.
•Keeptherestofthetexttothepoint.
•Useeye-appealinggraphicsifspacepermits.

100. WHATARETHEDIFFERENTTYPESOF
ADVERTISING?
1.Paidsearchadvertising
2.Socialmediaadvertising
3.Nativeadvertising
4.Displayadvertising
5.Printadvertising
6.Broadcastadvertising
7.Outdooradvertising
Beforewebegin,it'simportantthatweunderstandthetwolargercategoriesofadvertising:digitalandtraditional.Digital
advertisingcanreachawideaudienceinavarietyofdifferentwaysbyharnessingtheall-powerfulinternet,andcanalso
becustomizedtonarrowdownanaudiencebytheirdemographics.
Traditionaladvertisingfocuseslargelywhatyou'dthinkofwhenyouthinkof"typical"advertising:television,radio,
newspaper,magazine,directmail,andbillboarddesigns.Thistypeofadvertisingreachesanenormousaudience. Thisis
greatbecauseitmeansthatmorepeopleareseeingyouradvertisement,butit'shardtoknowwhetherornot
therightpeopleareseeingthem.

101. &

102. LOOKAT
THESE ADS

104. https://youtu.be/vpwYsGUWIT8
https://youtu.be/9CQdBh_AOH4
https://youtu.be/wLcekw18Jh8
https://youtu.be/XjJQBjWYDTs
HowtoCreate Advertisements

105. 13.Poster
•Posteris apieceofprintedpaper,designforpasteonawall oranyverticalsurface.
•Postersuseformanydifferentadvertising purposes.
(Events, Movies,Advertisements,Campaigns)
•Keepit simple.Don’tfilltoomuchinformationontheposter.
•Makeheadlinemore attractive.
•Trytomakethe massageimmediatelyidentifiable.
•Makesurethe typefaceis easilyreadable.
•Uselargefont sizes.
•Makesure it'seasytoread.
•Usebriefnotes

106. 14.Logo

107. 14.
LOGO
•Logodesignisanimportantareaof Graphic Design.
•Alogoisasymbol,sign, emblemorauniquerepresentationmarkforrecognizeacompany,brand
ororganization.
•Alogoisthe visual entitysignifyinganorganization
•Logousedtoaidandpromotepublicidentificationandrecognitionofacompanyorbrand.
•Anideogram(sign,icon) oranemblem(symbol)oracombinationofsignandemblemmay be
moreeffectivethanwritten names.
•Typography, colors, contextand additional graphic elements are use to create A unique logo
design.
•Logos and their design may be protected by copyright, via various intellectual property right
organizationsworldwide.

108. 14.
LOGO
ColorofLogo
•Colorisakeyelementinlogodesign.
•Colorplaysanimportantrole inbranddifferentiation.
•Colorandcontrastmakevisualdetaildetectionto the logo.
•Choosingacolorislongtermimplication.
•Colormustdifferentiate amongcompetitors'logos.
•Logocolor mustrelatedto the companyorproductthemecolor.
•Colorshouldn'tconflictwith logofunctionality.
•Colorneedstoberememberedwiththe brand.

109. 14.
LOGO
•Creating a logo design is an important task for a new company.
ToCreateauniquelogo,
•need aclear definitionoftheconcept andvaluesofthebrand
•understandingoftheconsumerortargetgroup.
•research themarketrequirement
•examinesexistinglogoswithinthe sector
•conceptualization
•refinement ofachosendesign
•testingacrossproducts
•investigationofalternativecandidates
•Agoodlogoshouldbe,
•Simple
•Unique
•Relevant
•Versatile
•Memor able
•Timeless

110. 14.
LOGO
HiddenmeaningsofLogos
•Cisco- theworldwide leader innetworkingforthe internet, is namedafterits
headquarters’ location in San Francisco. the blue stripes above the logotype not
onlyrepresentanelectromagnetbutalso,the Golden GateBridge.
•Amazon -The yellow arrow in their logo starts at the letter ‘a’ and ends at the
letter‘z’,implyingthatthey selleverythingfroma toz.Thearrowrepresentsa
smile,The smileindicatesthehappinesspeoplefeelwhentheyshopwith
Amazon
•BaskinRobbins-limitlessflavorsoficecreamnumberishiddeninthe‘B’and
the‘R’oftheirlogo,Thelogorepresentsfunandenergy,muchlikehowyou’ll
feelduring(andafter)eatingtheiricecream.
•Toblerone-inside the mountain there is a bear, symbolizing the unique honey
flavor found in the chocolate and the fact that the chocolate is made in the ‘City
ofBears’.
•Apple-its the story of Adam and Eve. The apple is supposed to be the apple Eve
bit frominthebibleandrepresentsthefruitsfromtheTreeofKnowledge.

111. 15.BUSINESS
CARD
•Businesscardisusetoshare information aboutacompanyor a person.
•Standardsize–9cmx5cm
•Businesscardincludes
•Cardowner'snameandtittle
•companyorbusinessdetails
•contact information (address, telephone number, fax, email, twitter,
Facebook)
•Use logoasthebasis.Makeitthe largestelementonthecard.
•The sloganoranindicationoftheservicesorproductssuppliedby the business
•Keepit simple.Don’tfilltoo much informationonthe card.
•Try to make Card owner's name and business name are immediately
identifiable.
•Makesurethetypefaceis easilyreadable.
•Stick tooneortwocolors.
•Makesure it'seasytoread.

112. 1.
NAM
E
2.Designation
3.NameofOrganization
4.LogooftheOrganization
5.Productions/ServicesoftheCompany
6.OfficialAddress
TelephoneNumbers
FaxNumbers
EmailAddress
website
7.Private Address
TelephoneNumbers
FaxNumbers
EmailAddress
•
15.BusinessCard–IncludeContent

113. 16.
PRESENTATIONS
•Presentationis theprocessofpresentingandexplainingthecontentofatopicto anaudience.
•Itutilizesomevisual aid.
•These visualaidsareoftenslidesthatareprojected ontoa screenwhilethe speakertalks.
•HowtomakeaneffectivePresentation
•FrameYourStory
•PlanYourDelivery
•Develop StagePresence
•PlantheMultimedia
•PuttingItTogether

114. 16.
PRESENTATIONS
Presentermust,
•Knowtheaudience
•Knowthepurpose
•Knowthetopic
•Anticipateobjections
•SlidesarenotDocuments
•Keeprelevant &Simple
•Payattentiontotiming
•SlidesMustHaveUnity
•DisplayDataClearly
•Use MultimediaWisely
•Createpositiveimpact
•Useaudio,visuals carefully
•Deliverwithenthusiasmandpassion
•Handletheaudiencewithrespectand good humor

115. MAPS
INTRODUCTI
ON TO
DIRECTIONS
OFMAPS
17.Maps

116. A MAP IS A NATURAL AREA OF A SPECIFIC AREA,
CONSISTING OF HUMANACTIVITIES,CANALS,
RELIGIOUSSITES.
Let'sfind out whattypesofmaps.
LandMaps
Humaninformationmaps
PlanMap
Specialmaps

117. Wecandrawthesemapsusingsome
software

118. Someareasmay also bemarked
Youcanalso markthedirection to
go

119. Howto DrawMap-Tutorials
MAPS
INTRODUCTI
ON TO
DIRECTIONS
OFMAPS
https://youtu.be/fIJeGM2VOzM
https://youtu.be/m1mi-atf3o8
https://youtu.be/0BfZe2ekQkI

120. 18.REPORT
COVERS
•Reportcoverpage,alsoknownastitlepage.
•Including the first and front page of the book, report, business proposals, magazines, any other
documentreferasreportcovers.
•Reportcoverbasically gives areflectionofthewholedocumentandwhatiscontainedinit.
•The Reportcoverpagehelpsthereaderindecidingwhetherthedocumentis of interesttohimor
not.
•whendesigningacoverpage,thefollowingthingsshouldbekeptinmind:
•Purposeofthereport
•Imagesthatare beingincludedif any.
•Compellingtitleandsubtitle(ifany).
•Overalllayoutandpresentation.
•Summarycontent.

121. (I)Front& BackPagesDesignTogether
BleedingArea(3mm)
BindingSpace (dependon
thenoofpagesofthebook)
(II)Front Pageonly(Spiralbinding)
BindingSpace
18.REPORT
COVERS

122. 18.REPORT
COVERS
•coverpageshould beclear,professional,formalandappropriateforthe topic orareacoveredinthe
report.
•Themaininformationincludedis:
•Titleofthereport.
•Subtitleifany.
•Authorandco-authors.
•Detailsof the authorssuchastitle,email,contact,etc.
•Submissionplacesuchasthe name of institute,
organization,journal,publisher,etc.
•Companylogooranyotherimageifany.
•Dateofreport.
•Headerifany.
•Abrief summaryof thereport.

123. 18.ReportCovers
•ImportantelementsofaCover pagedesign

124. 19.GeneralWorkingConditions
PrintingOutput
Method
Resolution
On(PPI)
Color
Mode
FileFormat ArtWork
DigitalPrinting 72-100 CMYK .tiff/.psd
Banner,NameBoard
StickerPrinting
DigitalPhoto
Printing
300 RGB .tiff/.jpeg
PhotoPrinting(ThankYou
Card,WeddingAlbum)
OffsetPrinting
ArtPaper
NewsPaper
300
200-300
150-200
CMYK
.ai/.cdr/
.psd
.pmd/.ind
Advertisements,Catalogues,
VisitingCard,Leaflet,
Brochure, Book Cover & Books,
Bill Books, Lable, Tags,
Calenders,Poster,BoxDesign
(Cartoon ),GreetingCards,
Packaging,Coupons Certificate,
Tickets
Gravure 300 CMYK .ai/.cdr/
.psd
.pmd/.ind Food packaging, Wallpaper,
Wrapping paper,Furniture
laminates,Magazine,Stamp,
Greeting Cards , Phone Reload
Cards,STAMPS

125. ScreenPrinting 300 CMYK Psd,ai,cdr
pdf Posters,Sportsindustryuses
it to create collectables,
Mousepads,Caps,Glassitem
,Mettalitem,Toys,Textiles
market , cushion covers,
TSHIRT
Flexography 72 CMYK
.tiff/.ai/
.cdr/.psd
.pmd/.ind
Paperback covers, newspapers,
envelopes,Foldingcartons,
Paperracks,Plastic bags,
Disposablecups/containers,
Labels, Wrappers
WEB 72 RGB .jpeg/.png./
.gif WebPage

126. 20.IntellectualProperty Rights
•IntellectualPropertyRightisthenamegiventolegal rightswhichprotectcreativeworks,inventions
andcommercialgoodwill.
•IntellectualPropertyRights aredesign to provideremediesagainstthosewhostealothersworks.
•IntellectualPropertyRightprotectedinlawby,
•Copyright
•Patents
•Trademark

127. 20.IntellectualPropertyRights
Copyright
•Copyrightorauthor’srightis alegaltermused to describetherightsthatcreators
have overtheir literaryandartisticworks.
•The primary goal of copyright law is to protect the time, effort, and creativity of the
work's creator. (Your copyrighted work has value; but if you don't properly protect
it,youcouldlose whatyou'veworkedso hardtocreate.)
•Workscoveredbycopyrightrange
Books
Films
computerprograms
Advertisements
technicaldrawings
music
maps
databases
paintings
sculpture

128. 20.IntellectualPropertyRights-Copyright
•CopyrightAct givestherightto:
•Reproducethework
•Prepare"derivativeworks"(otherworksbasedonthe originalwork)
•Distributecopiesof theworkby sale,lease,orothertransferof ownership
•Performtheworkpublicly
•Displaytheworkpublicly
•The power ofcopyrightallowsyoutochoosethewayyourworkismadeavailabletothe
public.
Acopyrightnoticeshouldcontain:
•theword “copyright”
•a“c”inacircle (©)
•thedateofpublication,and
•thename ofeither theauthororthe ownerofall thecopyrightrightsinthe
publishedwork.

129. 20.INTELLECTUALPROPERTY
RIGHTS
•PatentRight
•Apatentprotectsinventions.
•Itisanintellectualpropertyrightgrantedbythegovernmentto aninventor.
•Owner hasthelegal righttoexcludeothers frommaking,using,sellingand
importing
•aninvention foralimitedperiodofyears.
•These inventions canincludenewandusefulprocesses,machines,manufactures,
compositions ofmatteraswellasimprovements.
•Examples:
Computer software and hardware
Genetically engineeredbacteria
Drugs
Furnituredesign
Fabricsandfabricdesign
Chemicalformulasandprocesses
plants,andanimals
Medicaldevices
Jewelry
Musicalinstruments.

130. 20. INTELLECTUALPROPERTYRIGHTS-
PATENTRIGHT
PatentCategories
•Utility Patents: The most common type of patent, these are granted to new machines,
chemicals,andprocesses.
•Design Patents: Granted to protect the unique appearance or design of manufactured objects,
suchasthesurfaceornamentationor overalldesignoftheobject.
•Plant Patents: Granted for the invention and asexual reproduction(reproduced by other than
from seeds, such as by grafting or rooting of cuttings) of new and distinct plant
varieties(hybrids)
•Toget patentprotection
•firstapplyforandbe granteda patentfromtheU.S.PatentandTrademark
Office(USPTO).
•Thepatentapplicationprocessisexpensive,complex,difficult,andtimeconsumingand
need assistanceofanexperiencedpatentattorneyoragent.
•A patentmayinclude manyclaims,whichdefinesaspecificpropertyright.
(relevantpatentabilityrequirements,suchasnovelty,usefulness, andnon-obviousness.)

131. 20. INTELLECTUALPROPERTY RIGHTS-
TRADEMARK
Trademark
•trademark isaword,phrase,symbol or designthatidentifiesanddistinguishesacompany’s
productorservicefromitscompetitors.
•Theowner hasexclusiverightsto use thetrademark andlegallypreventsits unauthorizeduse.
•when a graphic illustration is used as a logo, the design may be protected both under copyright
andtrademark.
•Examples:
brandnames slogans logos.

132. 20. IntellectualProperty Rights-Trademark

133. 20.IntellectualPropertyRights
Copyright Patents Trademark
What’sProtected?
Originalworksofauthorship.
books, articles, songs,
photographs, sculptures,
choreography, sound
recordings,motionpictures,
andother works
Inventions
processes, machines,
manufactures,
compositions of matter
aswellasimprovements
tothese
Any word, phrase,
symbol, or design that
identifies and
distinguishesthesource
ofthe goodsofone
partyfromthose of
othercompetitors.
Requirements
tobe
Protected
Aworkmustbeoriginal,
creativeand fixedina
tangiblemedium
Aninventionmustbe
new, usefuland
nonobvious
Amarkmustbe
distinctive(i.e., that is, it
must be capable of
identifying the source of
a particulargood)
TermofProtectionAuthor’slifeplus70moreyears.20years
Foraslongasthemark
isused incommerce
RightsGranted
Righttocontrolthe
reproduction,making of
derivative works, distribution
and public performance and
display of the copyrighted
works
Righttoprevent
othersfrom making,
selling using or
importing the
patented invention
Right to use the mark and
to preventothersfrom
using similar marks in a
way that would cause a
likelihood- of-confusion
abouttheoriginofthe
goodsorservices.

134. 21.FUNDAMENTALSOF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Entrepreneur
•apersonwhoundertakes businessactivitiesistermedasanentrepreneur.
•Anentrepreneuris apersonwhocreatesnewbusiness,takingrisks inachievingtheobjectives
whichtheyproposetomakeprofits andgrowthby identifyingsomeimportantopportunities.
•Entrepreneurshipisanactofbeinganentrepreneur

135. 21.FUNDAMENTALSOF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
•Characteristicsofentrepreneurs
hasanenthusiasticvision
determination
confidence
preferenceforamoderaterisk
highenergy
the desire to achieve
toleranceofambiguity
Leadership
persistenceand
thedesireforimmediate results
willingness to assume responsibilities
organizingskills
high level of commitment
flexibility
selfmotivation

136. 21.FundamentalsofEntrepreneurship
CONTRIBUTIONS OFENTREPRENEURS
•Develop newmarkets
•Discovernewsourcesofmaterials
•Mobilizecapitalresources
•Introducenewtechnologies,
•Introducenewindustries
•Introducenewproducts.
•Createemployment.

137. 21.FUNDAMENTALSOF
ENTREPRENEURSHIP
Advantagesofbeing Entrepreneur
•Doingwhatyouwantandenjoy
•Develop ownschedule
•Makeyourowndecisions
•Feelingofachievement
•Selfemployment
•Freedom
•PersonalSatisfaction
•Potentialforincreasedincome
DisadvantagesofbeingEntrepreneur
•Uncertainlyofincome
•Hardwork&longhours
•Stress
•Feelingofachievement
•Emotionalloneliness
•Possibilityoffailure
•Wrongdecisions
•Riskforinvestments
Advantages&DisadvantagesofbeingEntrepreneur

138. 22.PLANNINGANDSCHEDULING
WORK
Planning
•Decides whathowandtimeestimateforajob
•identifythedifferenttasksthatneedtobedoneforalloftheprojectdeliverablestobe
completed.
•UseaWorkBreakdownStructureorsimilarhierarchical systemtounderstandwhat needs
tobedone.
•makesurethatyou’ve brokentheworkdownintosmall
enoughpieces.

139. 22.PLANNINGANDSCHEDULING
WORK
AdvantagesofPlanning
•GenerateallPossibilities
•Helptoachieveobjectives
•Reduceuncertainlyrisk
•Helpsinfuturechange
•Helpstosetthe standardfororganization
•Givesroughestimateoftime
•Helps toget prepareforemergencies
•Gives aclear ideaofwhatweare goingto do
•Improvecompetitivestrength
•Motivation

140. 22.PLANNINGANDSCHEDULING
WORK
Scheduling
•Decideswhenandwho willdothe job.
•Use asimpleGanttchartto keeptrackof whendifferentpiecesof workarescheduled to
startandend.
•Regularlydiscusswithteammemberswhethertheirestimateshave changed,orneedsto
bechanged.
•If the estimates have changed, then look at how this will impact the date for completing
theproject.
•Includeallthe tasks ontheschedule,andconsiderusingspecializedproject management
softwareifyouhavemanytaskstokeeptrackof.Itwillmakeyourlifemuch easier.

141. 22.PLANNINGANDSCHEDULING
WORK
AdvantagesofScheduling
•Simple andeasytoimplement
•ImprovesTime Management
•Nodelaysapparent
•Makeworkeasier
•Noimpactofunforeseenevents
•Productivity
•Reduced FinancialPenalties
•ImprovedFinancialPlanning
•Allowsfortheprioritizationof tasks
•Savemoney
•StrengthensTeamwork

142. END
COMPUTER GRAPHIC DESINGER SECTION
DVTC WELLAWAYA