Introduction to hematology

Hematology for MLT students

1. Module-2 Topic name Introduction to Hematology Volume, Serum, Plasma Sub code : BMLT1002 Sub Name: General physiology – (T) Department: Department of MLT, SMAS Faculty: A. Vamsi Kumar Designation : Assistant professor

2. Course outcomes On completion of this course, the student can be able to: Perform ESR, PCV, & Teach blood cell functions

3. Learning outcomes On completion of this course, the student can be able to: Define Hematology Classify the branches of hematology Types of Laboratory tests in done in laboratory Composition of blood & Components of Blood

4. Contents Definition of Hematology Functions ofblood Composition of blood Volume of the blood Branches of hematology basic hematology Immuno hematology / Transfusion medicine Hemorrhagic disorders

5. Functions of blood Gas transport – blood carries oxygen from lung to the tissues and carbon dioxide in reverse direction. 2. Transport of nutritional substances for all cells (glucose, amino acids, fatty acids, vitamins, ketone bodies, microelements etc.). Blood carries final products of metabolism (urea, uric acid, bilirubin, creatinin etc.) from tissues to kidney, where from they excreted with urine. 3. Regulation of different processes. Blood creates and carries local hormones (hormonoids) to the target organs.

6. Functions of blood 4. Thermoregulation – heat change between tissues and blood. 5. Osmotic function – maintenance of the osmotic pressure in blood vessels. 6. Protective function – blood has antibodies and leucocytes, which perform phagocytosis. 7. Detoxification – blood enzymes can neutralize (split) different toxic substances.

7. PROPERTIES OF BLOOD 1 . Color: Blood is red in color. Arterial blood is scarlet red because it contains more oxygen and venous blood is purple red because of more carbon dioxide . 2. Volume: Average volume of blood in a normal adult is 5 L. In a newborn baby, the volume is 450 ml. It increases during growth and reaches 5 L at the time of puberty. In females, it is slightly less and is about 4.5 L. It is about 8% of the body weight in a normal young healthy adult, weighing about 70 kg. 3. Reaction and pH: Blood is slightly alkaline and its pH in normal conditions is 7.4. 4 . Specific gravity: Specific gravity of total blood : 1.052 to 1.061 Specific gravity blood cells : 1.092 to 1.101 Specific gravity of plasma : 1.022 to 1.026 5 . Viscosity: Blood is five times more viscous than water . It is mainly due to red blood cells and plasma proteins .

8. Sp. Gravity of Dead sea

9. Volume of blood

10. Composition of blood

11. Composition of blood

12. Blood composition

13. Applications of Hematology

14. Basic hematological tests

15. Immuno hematology/ Transfusion medicine

16. Bleeding disorders

17. Properties of RBC

18. Erythropoisis

19. Cells of blood

20. Quantity of leukocytes and their changes W hite cells are nucleated and somewhat variable in size and shape. Their number is 4-9 • Giga per liter. The number of lymphocytes are – 18-37 %, monocytes – 3-11 %, eosinophils –0,5-5 %, basophils – 0-1 %, juvenile neutrophile – 0-1 %, relating to stab (rod-shaped) neutrophil – 1-6 %, segmented neutrophil – 47-72 %. The number of leukocytes may increase or decrease.

21. Blood cells Neutrophils Function – protection against infections 60-70% of all leucocytes Main source of energy – glucose in glycolysis ( small amount of mitochondria ) Hundreds of granules ( contain hydrolyses , peroxidases , phosphatases , lysocim ....)

22. Phagocytosis Oxygen burst – marked consumption of oxygen in phagocytosis Active radicals are formed (kill bacteria) N А DP Н-о xidase NAD Н-о xidase mieloperoxidase

23. Basophils Produce a lot of histamine , serotonin , heparin Energy mainly from oxidative phosphorylation Function – allergic reactions , blood clotting 1-5 % of all leucocytes

24. Eosinophils Amount is increased in helmintosis , organism sensibilization , alergy Function – protection from microorganisms , allergic reactions 3-6 % of all leucocytes

25. Monocytes Function – phagocytosis , exit into tissues – tissue macrophages 4-8 % of all leucocytes Are accumulated in the place of inflammation A lot of lysosomal hydrolases Aerobic pathway of energy obtaining prevails

26. Lymphocytes Function – formation of humoral and cell immunity 20-25 % of all leucocytes . Intensive synthesis of protein - immunoglobulins Т- і В- limphocytes Energy mainly from glycolysis

27. Lymphocytes Physiological role of T-lymphocytes (There are receptors to antigens on the membrane of T-lymphocytes, which helps to distinguish genetic heterologous substances.) Functional significance of B-lymphocytes (B-lymphocytes syntheses the immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgN, IgA, IgG, IgB, IgE.)

28. Physiological role of T-lymphocytes 1. Immune memory 2. Anti viruses immunity 3. Anti tissue immunity 4. Regulate phagocytosis Function of В- lymphocytes 1. Immune memory . 2. Specific immunity . B-lymphocytes syntheses the immunoglobulins such as IgM, IgN, IgA, IgG, IgB, IgE.

29. Thrombocytes Function – formation of blood clot < 1 % of all leucocytes 2 types of granules : dense (АТ P , serotonin , catecholamines ); а lpha - granules - lysosomes Synthesize actin , myosin , troponin Synthesize prostaglandins and thromboxans Main reactions : adhesion , aggregation , secretion

30. Erythrocytes Function – transport of gases Do not contain nucleus and mitochondria Main protein – hemoglobin (35 %) Energy – from glycolisis Life span – 120 days Formation is stimulated by erythropoetin

31. Erythrocytes

32. Reference https://www.slideshare.net/VamsiIntellectual/introduction-to-hematology-173160503 Dr. NTR university of health sciences B.Sc. MLT syllabus

33. Youtube videos https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=6-hm3pdr8UA https:// www.youtube.com/watch?v=HQWlcSp9Sls https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=XVWOlKdpF_I