Introduction to IoT

On successful go through of this PPT, learners will be able to identity architecture, communication protocols, and applications of IoT.

1. By Mr.S.Selvaraj Asst. Professor(SRG) / CSE Kongu Engineering College 14ITO01 – Internet of Things Unit I – Introduction to IoT

2. Contents Introduction to Internet of Things Definition and Characteristics of IoT Physical Design of IoT IoT Protocols IoT Communication Models IoT Communication APIs IoT enabled Technologies 7.1 Wireless Sensor Networks 7.2 Cloud Computing 7.3 Big data analytics 7.4 Communication Protocols 7.5 Embedded Systems 8. IoT Levels and Templates 1/7/2021 2 Introduction to IoT

3. 1. Introduction to IoT IoT comprises things that have unique identities and are connected to the internet. The focus on IoT is in Configuration Control and Networking via the Internet of devices or things that are traditionally not associated with the internet. Devices such as Thermostats Utility meter A Bluetooth connected headset Irrigation pumps and sensors Control circuits for an electric car’s engine 1/7/2021 3 Introduction to IoT

4. 1. Introduction to IoT IoT is driven by the following advancements Sensor networks Mobile Devices Wireless Communication Networking Cloud Computing 1/7/2021 4 Introduction to IoT

5. 1. Introduction to IoT In 2020: Population of India in billion ------- ???? World Population in billion --------????????? IoT Devices Population ------- ? 1/7/2021 5 Introduction to IoT

6. 1. Introduction to IoT The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things (devices, appliances, machines) to the internet. IoT allows the things to communicate and exchange data (D) . Data itself does not have a meaning until it is processed into useful information (I) . The information is then organized and structured into knowledge (K) . 1/7/2021 6 Introduction to IoT

7. 1. Data – Information – Knowledge 1/7/2021 7 Introduction to IoT

8. 1. DIK - Example Example 1: Consider a series of raw sensor measurements ((72,45); (84,56)) generated by a weather monitoring station, which by themselves do not have any meaning or context. ( Data ) For example, ((72,45),(84,56)) To give meaning to the data, a context is added, which in this example can be that each tuple in data represents the temperature and humidity measured every minute. Further information is obtained by categorizing, condensing or processing this data. ( Information ) For example, the average temperature and humidity readings for last 5 minutes . The next step is to organize the information and understand the relationships between pieces of information to infer knowledge which can be put into action. ( Knowledge ) For example, an alert is raised if the average temperature in last five minutes exceeds 120F , and the alert may be conditioned on the users geographical area as well . 1/7/2021 8 Introduction to IoT

9. 1. Applications of IoT Homes Smart Lighting, Smart Appliances, IDS, SSD, etc. Cities Smart Parking System, Smart Roads, Environment WMS,ANP,FFD,RFDS Energy Systems Smart Grids, Retail IMS, Smart Payments, SVM Logistics SCM, Smart Location Management System Industry Machine Diagnosis and Prognosis System, IAQS Agriculture Smart Irrigation Health HFMS 1/7/2021 9 Introduction to IoT

10. 2. Definition and Characteristics of IoT IoT Definition: A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities , physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces , and are seamlessly integrated into the information network , often communicate data associated with users and their environments. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 10

11. 2.Definition and Characteristics of IoT Characteristics of IoT: Dynamic & Self-Adapting Self-Configuring Interoperable Communication Protocols Unique Identity Integrated into Information Network 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 11

12. 1. Dynamic and Self - Adapting IoT devices and systems may have the capability to dynamically adapt with the changing context and take actions based on their operating conditions, users context or sensed environment . For Example, Surveillance cameras Adapt their modes (Normal and IR Mode). Switch from lower resolution to higher resolution modes. Alerting nearby cameras. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 12

13. 2. Self Configuring IoT devices allowing a large number of devices to work together to provide certain functionality (Ex. Weather Monitoring System) IoT devices are able to Configure themselves Setup the networking Fetch latest software upgrades 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 13

14. 3. Interoperable Communication Protocols IoT Devices may support number of interoperable communication protocols and can communicate with other devices and also with the infrastructure . Example Communication Protocols, LR-WPAN (IEEE 802.15.4) – L ow R ate W ireless P ersonal A rea N etwork (Zigbee, Z-Wave, WirelessHART , MiWi ) BLE (IEEE 802.15.1) – B luetooth L ow E nergy WiFi-HaLow (IEEE 802.11ah) – Low Power Long Range version of WiFi IEEE 802.11 LoRaWAN – low power Lo ng Ra nge W ide A rea N etwork 6LoWPAN – IPv 6 over Low P ower W ireless P ersonal A rea N etwork WiFi (IEEE 802.11) – Wi reless Fi delity WiMax (IEEE 802.16) – W orldwide I nteroperability M icrowave A ccess 2G/ 3G/ 4G LTE – L ong T erm E volution 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 14

15. 4. Unique Identity IoT device has unique identity and a unique identifier . (Identifier means IP address or URI) IoT systems may have intelligent interfaces , which allow users to Query the device Monitor the device status Control the device remotely 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 15

16. 5. Integrated into Information Network Integration allows the IoT devices to communicate and exchange data with other devices and systems. Integration helps in making IoT systems “ smarter ” due to the collective intelligence of individual devices in collaboration with the infrastructure. Example: Weather Monitoring System 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 16

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18. 3.0 Physical Design of IoT “ Things ” – IoT devices with unique identities and can perform the following tasks: Remote sensing Actuating Monitoring capabilities 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 18

19. IoT Devices Capabilities Collect data from other devices and process the data locally or Exchange data with other connected devices and applications (directly or indirectly), or Send the data to centralized servers or cloud-based application back-ends for processing the data, or Perform some tasks locally and other tasks within the IoT infrastructure, based on temporal and space constraints ( i.e Memory) 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 19

20. IoT Device Interfaces An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices, both wired and wireless. I/O interfaces for sensors and actuators Interfaces for Internet connectivity Memory interfaces Storage interfaces Audio/video interfaces. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 20

21. Generic Block Diagram of an IoT Devices 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 21 UART – Universal Asynchronous Receiver/Transmitter SPI – Serial Peripheral Interface I2C – Inter Integrated Circuit CAN – Controller Area Network USB – Universal Serial Bus RJ45 – Registered Jack NAND/NOR – Negated AND / OR DDR - Double Data Rate SD – Secure Digital MMC – Multi Media Card SDIO – Secure Digital Input and Output HDMI – High Definition Multimedia Interface 3.5 mm – Headphone Jack (3.5 mm) RCA – Radio Corporation of America CPU – Central Processing Unit GPU – Graphics Processing Unit

22. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 22 Block Diagram of Raspberry Pi 3 Model

23. Steps for IoT Device Usage Step 1: Collects various types of data from the on-board or attached sensors. For example, Temperature Humidity Light intensity Motion Step 2: Sensed data can be communicated to other devices or cloud-based servers/storage. Step 3: Perform some tasks using Actuators. Actuator is actually a device that transforms a certain form of energy into motion. Actuator allow IoT devices to interact with other physical entities (including Non-IoT devices or systems) in the vicinity of the device. For example, Relay switch connected to IoT device turning an appliance on/off based on commands sent to IoT device over Internet. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 23

24. Sensors and Actuators 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 24

25. Examples: Sensor to Actuator Flow 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 25

26. Working of IoT devices All IoT devices generate data (some form), When processed by data analytics system leads to useful information to guide further actions locally or remotely. For Example, Sensor data generated by soil moisture monitoring device in a garden, when processed can help in determining the optimum watering schedules. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 26

27. Types of IoT Devices 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 27 Home Appliances Amazon Echo (Alexa) Smart Refrigerators Smartphone's & Computers Wearable Electronics Smart watches Fitness trackers Smart Shoes Automobiles Fleet Management Smart Parking Energy Systems Smart Metering Smart Grid Retail Payment Systems Amazon Go Printers Industrial Machines Healthcare Systems Surveillance Cameras

28. How many Layers are Present in OSI Model & TCP/IP Model? 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 28

29. 4.0 IoT Protocols 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 29

30. 4.0 IoT Protocols Link Layer 802.3 – Ethernet 802.11 – WiFi 802.16 – WiMax 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN 2G/3G/4G - Cellular Network/Internet Layer IPv4 IPv6 6LoWPAN Transport Layer TCP UDP Application Layer HTTP CoAP WebSocket MQTT XMPP DDS AMQP 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 30

31. Link Layer Protocols Link Layer Responsibilities: Determine how the data is physically sent over the network’s physical layer or medium (Wired/Wireless). Scope of LL – local network connection to which host is attached. Determines how the packets are coded and signaled by h/w device over the medium to which the host is attached. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 31

32. LL Protocol - IEEE 802.3 - Ethernet Collection of wired Ethernet standards Provide data rates from 10 Mbps to 40 Gbps 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 32 Standards Type Medium Data Rate 802.3 10BASE 2/5 Coaxial cable 10 Mbps 802.3i 10BASE – T Copper twisted pair 10 Mbps 802.3j 10BASE - F Fiber optics 10 Mbps 802.3u 100BASE- TX / T4/ FX Copper Twisted Pair / Fiber optics 100 Mbps 802.3z 1000BASE- X Fiber optics 1000 Mbps 802.3ae 10GBASE – SR/LR/ER Fiber optics 10 Gbps 802.3bm 40G Ethernet Fiber optics 40Gbps

33. LL Protocol - IEEE 802.11- WiFi Collection of wireless LAN(WLAN) communication standards Provides data rates from 1 Mbps to 6.75 Gbps 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 33 Standards Bands Data Rate 802.11a 5GHz 1 – 54 Mbps 802.11b 2.4GHz 1 – 54 Mbps 802.11g 2.4GHz 1 – 54 Mbps 802.11n 2.4/5GHz 300 – 600 Mbps 802.11ac 5GHz 300 Mbps – 3.5 Gbps 802.11ad 60GHz 6.75 Gbps 802.11aj 60GHz 15 Gbps 802.11ay 60GHz 20 Gbps

34. LL Protocol - IEEE 802.16 - WiMax Collection of wireless broadband standards Provide data rates from 1.5 Mbps to 1 Gbps 802.16m - 100Mb/s for Mobile stations - 1 Gb /s for Fixed stations 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 34

35. LL Protocol - IEEE 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN Collection of standards for Low-Rate Wireless Personal Area Networks (LR-WPANs). Provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power- constrained devices Basis of spec for high level comm. Protocol such as, Zigbee WirelessHART MiWi Z-Wave Provides data rates from 40 Kbps to 250 Kbps 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 35

36. LL Protocol - 2G/3G/4G – Cellular 2G – GSM,CDMA 3G – UMTS,CDMA2000 4G – LTE IoT devices using these standards communicate over cellular networks Provides data rates from 9.6Kbps (2G) to 100 Mbps(4G) 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 36

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38. Network/Internet Layer Network Layer Responsibilities: Responsible for sending of IP datagrams from source network to the destination network. Performs the host addressing and packet routing. Source N/W  Datagrams (SA,DA)  Destination N/w Host Identification is done using hierarchical IP addressing schemes (IPv4/IPv6). 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 38

39. N/w Layer protocol - IPv4 Used to identify the devices on a network using a hierarchical addressing scheme. Uses 32- bit address scheme that allows total of 2 32 or 4,294,967,296 addresses. succeeded by IPv6. Establish connections on packet networks, but not guarantee delivery of packets. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 39

40. N/w Layer protocol - IPv6 Newest version of IP. Uses 128-bit address scheme. It allows total of 2 128 or 3.4 x 10 38 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 40

41. N/w Layer protocol - 6LoWPAN Brings IP Protocol to the low-power devices which have limited processing capacity. Operates in the 2.4GHz frequency range. Provides data transfer of 250Mb/s. Works with 802.15.4 link layer protocol. Defines compression mechanisms for IPv6 datagrams over IEEE 802.15.4 based netwoks . 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 41

42. Transport Layer 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 42 Transport Layer Responsibilities: It Provides end-to-end message transfer capability. This capability can be achieved by setting up on connections, Using handshake (TCP) Without using handshake (UDP) Transport layer provides functions such as, Error Control Segmentation Flow Control Congestion Control

43. Transport Layer Protocol - TCP Transmission Control Protocol Most Widely Used Transport layer protocol Used by Web browsers (HTTP/HTTPS) Email (SMTP) File Transfer (FTP) It is a connection oriented and stateful protocol . It ensures reliable transfers . It is also provides Error Control, Flow Control and Congestion Control Capabilities. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 43

44. Transport Layer Protocol - UDP User Datagram Protocol Its useful for time-sensitive applications Used by Multimedia Applications (Video Conferencing, Video Streaming) Multicast and Broadcast Messages (ARP) Domain Name Service (DNS) It is a connectionless ( Transaction Oriented ) and stateless protocol . It doesn’t provide guarantee for data delivery, ordering of message and duplicate elimination; so it provides unreliable transfers . It doesn't provide Error Control, Flow Control and Congestion Control Capabilities. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 44

45. Application Layer 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 45 Application Layer Responsibilities: It defines how the applications interface with the lower layer protocols to send the data over the network. The application data is encoded by application layer protocols. Application layer protocols enables process-to-process connections using ports. Port numbers are used for application addressing. For example, HTTP- 80, SSH – 22.

46. Application Layer Protocols HTTP (Hyper Text Transfer Protocol) GET,PUT,POST,DELETE,HEAD, TRACE,OPTION,etc Request-Response Model Stateless Protocol It uses URIs ( URL,URN,etc ) It uses TCP protocol CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) It is for Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Applications. i.e , Constrained environments with constrained devices and constrained networks. It is also uses Request-Response Model. IT uses UDP protocol. It supports GET, PUT, POST and DELETE methods. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 46

47. Application Layer Protocols WebSocket It allows full duplex communication over a single socket connection for sending a messages b/w Client and Server. It uses TCP . MQTT (Message Query Telemetry Transport) It is a Light-weight messaging protocol. It uses Publish – Subscribe Model. It is well suited for constrained environments where the devices have limited processing and memory resources and the n/w bandwidth is low . 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 47

48. Application Layer Protocols XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) It is for real-time communication b/w IoT devices and streaming XML data. It uses in messaging, presence, data syndication, gaming, multi-party chart and voice/video calls. DDS (Data Distributed Service) It is a data centric Middleware standard for Device-to Device or M2M Comm. It uses Publish – Subscribe Model. It Provide QoS Control and Configurable Reliability. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) It is open application layer protocol for business messaging . It supports Point-to-Point, Publish – Subscribe Model , Routing and Queuing. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 48

49. 5.0 Logical Design of IoT 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 49 Logical Design means “ abstract representation of the entities and processes without going into the low-level specifics of the implementation”. Let discuss about, Functional Blocks of IoT System IoT Communication Models

50. Functional Blocks of IoT 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 50 An IoT system comprises of a number of functional blocks that provide the system the capabilities for Identification Sensing Actuation Communication and Management. Device: It Provides sensing , actuation , monitoring and control functions. Communication : It handles the communication for the IoT System. Services: Services for device monitoring , device control , data publishing and device discovery . Management: It provides various functions to govern the IoT system. Security: Secures the IoT system and provide functions such as authentication , authorization , message integrity and data security . Application: It provides an interface that the user can use to control and monitor various aspects of IoT System.

51. IoT Communication Models There are four types of IoT communication models available. Request-Response communication model Publish-Subscribe communication model Push-Pull communication model Exclusive Pair communication model 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 51

52. Request-Response communication model 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 52 In this model, the client sends requests to the server and the server responds to the requests . When the server receives a request, it decides how to respond, fetches the data, retrieves resource representations, prepares the response, and then sends the response to the client. It is a stateless communication model.

53. Publish-Subscribe communication model 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 53 This model involves publishers, brokers and consumers . Publishers are the source of data . Publishers send the data to the topics which are managed by the broker. Publishers are not aware of the consumers . Consumers subscribe to the topics which are managed by the broker. When the broker receives data for a topic from the publisher , it sends the data to all the subscribed consumers .

54. Push-Pull communication model 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 54 In this model, the data producers push the data to queues and the consumers pull the data from the queues. Producers do not need to be aware of the consumers . Queues help in decoupling the messaging between the producers and consumers. Queues also act as a buffer which helps in situations when there is a mismatch between the rate at which the producers push data and the rate at which the consumers pull data.

55. Exclusive Pair communication model 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 55 Exclusive Pair is a bidirectional , fully duplex communication model that uses a persistent connection between the client and server. Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close the connection. Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup.

56. 6.0 IoT Communication APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 56 An Application Program Interface (API) is a set of routines, protocols , and tools for building software applications. API specifies how software components should interact. Two Communication APIs, REST – Based Communication APIs WebSocket – Based Communication APIs

57. REST – Based Communication APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 57 Representational State Transfer (REST) is a set of architectural principles by which you can design web services and web APIs that focus on a system’s resources and how resource states are addressed and transferred. REST APIs follow the request response communication model. The REST architectural constraints apply to the components, connectors, and data elements, within a distributed hypermedia system.

58. REST – Based Communication APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 58 The REST architectural constraints are as follows: Client – Server : Separation, Independent Stateless : Session state is kept entirely on the client Cache-able : Improve efficiency and scalability. Layered System : Intermediate Systems Uniform Interface : Method of communication Code on demand : Server can provide executable code for clients. ( It is optional )

59. Communication b/w Client and Server using REST APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 59 RESTful Web Service: It is a Web API implemented using HTTP and REST principles. It is a collection of resources which are represented by URIs . It has a base URI . (Ex: http://example.com/api) Client send requests to these URIs using HTTP methods ( GET,PUT, POST or DELETE ). It can support various Internet media types ( JSON ). IPSO Alliance has published and application framework that defines a RESTful Design.

60. Interaction in the Request – Response Model used by REST 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 60

61. HTTP Methods 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 61

62. Websocket – Based Communication APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 62 WebSocket APIs allow bidirectional , full duplex communication between clients and servers. WebSocket APIs follow the exclusive pair communication model. Websockets reduces the network traffic and latency ( no overhead for connection setup and termination for each message ) Websockets is suitable for IoT applications that have low latency or high throughput requirements.

63. Websocket – Based Communication APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 63

64. Difference between REST and WebSocket -based Communication APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 64

65. 7.0 IoT Enabling Technologies Wireless Sensor Network Cloud Computing Big Data Analytics Communication Protocols Embedded Systems 1/7/2021 65 Introduction to IoT

66. WSN Distributed Devices with sensors used to monitor the environmental and physical conditions Consists of several end-nodes acting as routers or coordinators too Coordinators collects data from all nodes / acts as gateway that connects WSN to internet Routers route the data packets from end nodes to coordinators. 1/7/2021 66 Introduction to IoT

67. Example of WSNs in IoT & Protocols used Example •Weather monitoring system •Indoor Air quality monitoring system •Soil moisture monitoring system •Surveillance systems Smart Grids •Health monitoring systems Protocols • Zigbee 1/7/2021 67 Introduction to IoT

68. Zigbee Based on IEEE 802.15.4 Operates at 2.4 GHz frequency Offers data rate from 10 to 100 meters depending on power o/p and environmental conditions 1/7/2021 68 Introduction to IoT

69. Advantages of WSN Power of WSN – number of low-cost and lo-power sensing nodes Self organizing networks – makes n/w robust-recovers (reconfigure itself) from failures and adding new nodes. Since large no. of nodes in WSN – Manual config . not possible 1/7/2021 69 Introduction to IoT

70. Cloud Computing Deliver applications and services over internet •Provides computing, networking and storage resources on demand •Cloud computing performs services: IaaS (Infrastructure as a Service) PaaS (Platform as a Service) SaaS (Software as a Service) 1/7/2021 70 Introduction to IoT

71. Cloud Services IAAS : Rent Infrastructure cloud-based services, pay-as-you-go for services such as storage, networking, and virtualization. • PAAS : supply an on-demand environment for developing, testing, delivering and managing software applications. hardware and software tools available over the internet. • SAAS : method for delivering software applications over the Internet, on demand and typically on a subscription basis. software that’s available via a third-party over the internet. 1/7/2021 71 Introduction to IoT

72. SAAS BigCommerce Google Apps Salesforce Dropbox MailChimp ZenDesk DocuSign Slack Hubspot . 1/7/2021 72 Introduction to IoT

73. IAAS DigitalOcean Linode Rackspace   Amazon  Web Services (AWS) Cisco Metapod Microsoft Azure Google Compute Engine (GCE) 1/7/2021 73 Introduction to IoT

74. PAAS AWS  Elastic  Beanstalk Windows Azure Heroku Force.com Google App Engine Apache Stratos OpenShift 1/7/2021 74 Introduction to IoT

75. Big Data Analytics Collection of data whose volume, velocity or variety is too large and difficult to store, manage, process and analyze the data using traditional databases. • It involves data cleansing, processing and visualization • Lots of data is being collected and warehoused • Web data, e-commerce • purchases at department/ grocery stores • Bank/Credit Card transactions • Social Network 1/7/2021 75 Introduction to IoT

76. Big Data Analytics Variety includes different types of data •Structured -Relational data. •Unstructured – Word,PDF,Media logs • SemiStructured - XML data •All of above (text data, image,audio,video,sensor data) 1/7/2021 76 Introduction to IoT

77. Big Data Analytics Velocity refers to speed at which data is processed •Batch •Real-time • STreams 1/7/2021 77 Introduction to IoT

78. Big Data Analytics Volume refers to the amount of data Terabyte •Records •Transactions •Files •Tables 1/7/2021 78 Introduction to IoT

79. Communication Protocols Form the backbone of IoT systems and enable network connectivity and coupling of applications Protocols define Data exchange formats,data encoding schemes,addressing schemes routing of packets from source to destination Sequence control, flow control retransmission of packets 1/7/2021 79 Introduction to IoT

80. Embedded Systems Computer system that has computer hardware and software embedded to perform specific tasks Designed to perform specific tasks Components of embedded system Microprocessor/Microcontroller Memory( RAM,ROM,cache ..) Networking Units( Ethernet,Wi-Fi adapter) I/O Units( display,Keyboard ..) Storage(Flash memory) 1/7/2021 80 Introduction to IoT

81. Embedded systems Digital watches Digital cameras Vending Machines, Appliances(Washing Machines,Microwave oven…) 1/7/2021 81 Introduction to IoT

82. 8.0 IoT Levels & Deployment Templates IOT System Components IoT Level 1 IoT Level 2 IoT Level 3 IoT Level 4 IoT Level 5 IoT Level 6 1/7/2021 82 Introduction to IoT

83. IOT System Components An IoT system comprises the following components : Device Resource Controller Service Database Web Service Analysis Component Application 1/7/2021 83 Introduction to IoT

84. Device Device : An IoT device allows identification, remote sensing, actuating and remote monitoring capabilities. Wearable Sensors Smart Watches LED lights Automobiles Industrial Machines . 1/7/2021 84 Introduction to IoT

85. IoT Devices Amazon Echo Plus August Doorbell Cam Kuri Mobile Robot Footbot Air Quality Monitor 1/7/2021 85 Introduction to IoT

86. Resource Resource: Resources are software components on the IoT device for accessing, processing, and storing sensor information, or controlling actuators connected to the device. Resources also include the software components that enable network access for the device. 1/7/2021 86 Introduction to IoT

87. Controller Service Controller Service: Controller service is a native service that runs on the device and interacts with the web services. Controller service sends data from the device to the web service and receives commands from the application (via web services) for controlling the device 1/7/2021 87 Introduction to IoT

88. Database Database: Database can be either local or in the cloud and stores the data generated by the IoT device. 1/7/2021 88 Introduction to IoT

89. Web Service Web Service: Web services serve as a link between the IoT device, application, database and analysis components. Web service can be implemented using HTTP and REST principles (REST service) or using the WebSocket protocol ( WebSocket service). 1/7/2021 89 Introduction to IoT

90. Analysis Component Analysis Component: This is responsible for analyzing the IoT data and generating results in a form that is easy for the user to understand. Analysis of IoT data can be performed either locally or in the cloud. Analyzed results stored in local or cloud database. 1/7/2021 90 Introduction to IoT

91. Application Application: provide an interface that the users can use to control and monitor various aspects of the IoT system. allow users to view the system status and the processed data. 1/7/2021 91 Introduction to IoT

92. IoT Level-1 A level-1 IoT system has a single node/device that performs sensing and/or actuation stores data performs analysis and hosts the application • Level-1 IoT systems are suitable for modeling low cost and low-complexity solutions where the data involved is not big the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive . 1/7/2021 92 Introduction to IoT

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94. IoT Level-1 Example – Home Automation The system consists of a single node that allows controlling the lights and appliances in home remotely. Electronic relay switch is used to interface the devices. Status information of each lights and appliances is maintained in a local database. Application is deployed locally . This level consists of air conditioner, temperature sensor , data collection and analysis and control & monitoring app. The data sensed in stored locally . The data analysis is done locally . Monitoring & Control is done using Mobile app or web app. The data generated in this level application is not huge. All the control actions are performed through internet . Example Room temperature is monitored using temperature sensor and data is stored / analyzed locally. Based on analysis made, control action is triggered using mobile app or it can just help in status monitoring. 1/7/2021 94 Introduction to IoT

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96. IoT Level-2 A level-2 IoT system has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and local analysis . Data is stored in the cloud and application is usually cloud-based . Level-2 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big the primary analysis requirement is not computationally intensive and can be done locally itself. 1/7/2021 96 Introduction to IoT

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98. IoT Level-2 consists of air conditioner, temperature sensor, Big data (Bigger than level -1, data analysis done here) , cloud and control & monitoring app. •  level-2 is complex compare to level-1. rate of sensing is faster compare to level-1. •  level- 2 has voluminous size of data  cloud storage is used. •  Data analysis is carried out locally . Cloud is used for only storage purpose. • Based on data analysis, control action is triggered using web app or mobile app . Examples:   Agriculture applications, room freshening solutions based on odour sensors etc. 1/7/2021 98 Introduction to IoT

99. IoT – Level 2 Example Smart Irrigation 1/7/2021 99 Introduction to IoT

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101. Level 3 A level-3 IoT system has a single node . Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud based. Level-3 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive. 1/7/2021 101 Introduction to IoT

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103. Level 3 Example – Tracking Package Handling The system consists of a single node . ( package ). That monitors the vibration levels for a package being shipped. The device in this system uses accelerometer and gyroscope sensors for monitoring vibration levels. The controller system sends the sensor data to the cloud using web sockets. The data stored in the cloud and visualized using cloud based application. The analysis components in the cloud can trigger alerts if the vibration levels greater than the threshold. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 103

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105. Accelerometer Sensor Accelerometers are electromechanical devices that measure acceleration , the rate of change in velocity of an object . In other words, it’s devices used to respond to any vibrations associated with movement. Uses: Compass/Map applications on your smartphone devices ( iPhones , Andriod , etc.) through axis based sensing Tilt sensing ; iPhone uses an accelerometer to sense whether the phone is being held in portrait or landscape mode Earthquake detection Fall sensing Medical devices such as artificial body parts Fitness trackers/ wearables Games/applications t hat require motion sensing ( Wii , Kinect , etc.) Note: Accelerometers are most commonly used to detect position, velocity, vibration, and to determine orientation. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 105

106. Gyroscope Sensor 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 106 Gyroscope is a device used for measuring rotational changes or maintaining orientation. It’s based on the principle of preserving angular momentum . A typical gyroscope contains a rotor that’s suspended inside three rings called the gimbals . It works through the precession effect , allowing gyroscopes to defy gravity when the spin-axis is rotated. This means that instead of falling over from the force of gravity, it automatically adjusts itself sideways. Uses: Aircrafts Space stations Stability in vehicles ; motorcycles, ships Inertial guidance systems Consumer electronics through MEMS gyroscopes (Most mid-range to higher-end Andriod phones )

107. Level 4 A level-4 IoT system has multiple nodes that perform local analysis . Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based . Level-4 contains local and cloud based observer nodes which can subscribe to and receive information collected in the cloud from IoT devices. Level-4 IoT systems are suitable for solutions where multiple nodes are required, the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive . 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 107

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109. Level 4 Example – Noise Monitoring The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations. Nodes are equipped with sound sensor . Nodes are independent of each other. Each node runs its own controller service that sends the data to the cloud. The data is stored in cloud database . The analysis of data collected from a number of nodes is done in the cloud . A cloud based application is used for visualizing the aggregated data. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 109

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111. Level 5 A level-5 IoT system has multiple end nodes and one coordinator node. The end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation . Coordinator node collects data from the end nodes and sends to the cloud. Data is stored and analyzed in the cloud and application is cloud-based . Level-5 IoT systems are suitable for solutions based on wireless sensor networks , in which the data involved is big and the analysis requirements are computationally intensive. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 111

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114. Level 6 A level-6 IoT system has multiple independent end nodes that perform sensing and/or actuation and send data to the cloud. Data is stored in the cloud and application is cloud-based. The analytics component analyzes the data and stores the results in the cloud database . The results are visualized with the cloud-based Application. The centralized controller is aware of the status of all the end nodes and sends control commands to the nodes. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 114

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116. Level 6 Example – Weather Monitoring System The system consists of multiple nodes placed in different locations for monitoring temperature , humidity and pressure in an area. The end nodes are equipped with various sensors, Temperature Pressure Humidity The end nodes send the data to the cloud in real time using websockets . The data stored in cloud database . The analysis of data is done in the cloud to aggregate the data and make predictions. Cloud based application is used for visualizing the data. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 116

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118. Internet of Things Unit 1 Revision

119. Contents Introduction to Internet of Things Definition and Characteristics of IoT Physical Design of IoT IoT Protocols IoT Communication Models IoT Communication APIs IoT enabled Technologies 7.1 Wireless Sensor Networks 7.2 Cloud Computing 7.3 Big data analytics 7.4 Communication Protocols 7.5 Embedded Systems 8. IoT Levels and Templates 1/7/2021 119 Introduction to IoT

120. 1.0 Introduction to IoT IoT refers to physical and virtual objects that have unique identities and are connected to the Internet . The scope of IoT is not limited to just connecting things (devices, appliances, machines) to the internet. IoT allows the things to communicate and exchange data (D) . Data itself does not have a meaning until it is processed into useful information (I) . The information is then organized and structured into knowledge (K) . DIK Example: For Data, ((72,45),(84,56)) For Information, the average temperature and humidity readings for last 5 minutes . For Knowledge, an alert is raised if the average temperature in last five minutes exceeds 120F 1/7/2021 120 Introduction to IoT

121. 2.0 Definition and Characteristics of IoT A dynamic global network infrastructure with self-configuring capabilities based on standard and interoperable communication protocols where physical and virtual "things" have identities , physical attributes, and virtual personalities and use intelligent interfaces , and are seamlessly integrated into the information network , often communicate data associated with users and their environments. Characteristics of IoT: Dynamic & Self-Adapting Self-Configuring Interoperable Communication Protocols Unique Identity Integrated into Information Network 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 121

122. 3.0 Physical Design of IoT An IoT device may consist of several interfaces for connections to other devices, both wired and wireless. I/O interfaces for sensors and actuators Interfaces for Internet connectivity Memory interfaces Storage interfaces Audio/video interfaces 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 122

123. 4.0 IoT Protocols Link Layer 802.3 – Ethernet 802.11 – WiFi 802.16 – WiMax 802.15.4 – LR-WPAN 2G/3G/4G - Cellular Network/Internet Layer IPv4 IPv6 6LoWPAN Transport Layer TCP UDP Application Layer HTTP CoAP WebSocket MQTT XMPP DDS AMQP 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 123 802.11ah – WiFi HaLow 802.15.1 – Bluetooth (BLE) 802.15.4 – Z-Wave - Zigbee - WirelessHART - MiWi

124. 5.0 IoT Communication Models 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 124 There are four types of IoT communication models available. Request-Response communication model Publish-Subscribe communication model Push-Pull communication model Exclusive Pair communication model

125. 6.0 IoT Communication APIs 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 125 Two Communication APIs, REST – Based Communication APIs WebSocket – Based Communication APIs

126. 7.0 IoT Enabled Technologies Wireless Sensor Network Cloud Computing Big Data Analytics Communication Protocols Embedded Systems 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 126

127. 8.0 IoT Levels and Templates 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 127 Level 1 : It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation, stores data and perform analysis and host the application. ( Nothing -> Cloud ) Level 2 : It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and perform local analysis . (Data store, Application -> Cloud) Level 3 : It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation. (Data store, Analysis, Application -> Cloud) Level 4 : It has a multiple nodes that performs sensing and/or actuation and perform local analysis . (Data store, Application -> Cloud) Level 5 : It has a multiple end nodes and one coordinator node that performs sensing and/or actuation. (Data store, Analysis, Application -> Cloud) Level 6 : It has a multiple independent end nodes that performs sensing and/or actuation. (Data store, Analysis, Application -> Cloud)

128. 8.0 IoT Levels and Templates ( Comparison ) IoT Level Node Type Sensing /Actuation Analysis Data Store Application Best Suitable for Example 1 Single Local Local Local Local Low Cost and Low Complexity, Data is Not Big , Not Computationally Intensive Home Automation 2 Single Local Local Cloud Cloud Data is Big, Not Computationally Intensive Smart Irrigation 3 Single Local Cloud Cloud Cloud Data is Big, Computationally Intensive Tracking Package Handling 4 Multiple Local Local Cloud Cloud Data is Big, Computationally Intensive Noise Monitoring 5 Multiple End Nodes + 1 Coordinator Local Cloud Cloud Cloud WSN, Data is Big, Computationally Intensive Forest Fire Detection 6 Multiple Independent End Nodes Local Cloud Cloud Cloud Data is Big, Computationally Intensive Weather Monitoring System 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 128

129. Sample Question 1 Suppose if you want to choose IoT Communication Protocol for an IOT application, which is based on conditions such as low data rate, low range, and low power, then answer the following questions: Which data link layer communication protocol is your appropriate choice? What is the IEEE standard number for that communication protocol? What is the data rate of that communication protocol in bps? What is the approximate range of that communication protocol? 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 129

130. Sample Question 1 - ANSWER Suppose if you want to choose IoT Communication Protocol for an IOT application, which is based on conditions such as low data rate, low range, and low power, then answer the following questions: Which data link layer communication protocol is your appropriate choice? ( Z-Wave, Zigbee, etc ) What is the IEEE standard number for that communication protocol? ( IEEE 802.15.4 ) What is the data rate of that communication protocol in bps? ( 20 or 40 Kbps to 250 Kbps ) What is the approximate range of that communication protocol? ( 10 to 100m ) 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 130

131. Sample Question 2 Fill in the 4 – Layer IOT Protocol Stack with appropriate protocols for the following criteria: The protocol is well suit for Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Applications. i.e , Constrained environments with constrained devices and constrained networks. And also it uses request – response model. The protocol doesn’t provide guarantee for data delivery, ordering of message and duplicate elimination; so it provides unreliable transfers. And also Used by Multimedia Applications (Video Conferencing, Video Streaming) The protocol brings IP Protocol to the low-power devices which have limited processing capacity. And Defines compression mechanisms for IPv6 datagram's over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks. The protocol(s) provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power- constrained devices. And provides data rates from 40 Kbps to 250 Kbps 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 131 A B C D

132. Sample Question 2 - ANSWER Fill in the 4 – Layer IOT Protocol Stack with appropriate protocols for the following criteria: The protocol is well suit for Machine-to-Machine(M2M) Applications. i.e , Constrained environments with constrained devices and constrained networks. And also it uses request – response model. The protocol doesn’t provide guarantee for data delivery, ordering of message and duplicate elimination; so it provides unreliable transfers. And also Used by Multimedia Applications (Video Conferencing, Video Streaming) The protocol brings IP Protocol to the low-power devices which have limited processing capacity. And Defines compression mechanisms for IPv6 datagram's over IEEE 802.15.4 based networks. The protocol(s) provide low-cost and low-speed communication for power- constrained devices. And provides data rates from 40 Kbps to 250 Kbps 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 132 A – CoAP B – UDP C – 6LoWPAN D – LRWPAN (IEEE 802.15.4) / Zigbee, Z-Wave, etc.

133. Sample Question 3 Find out the best suitable communication model based on the following statements: It uses a persistent connection between the client and server. Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close the connection. Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup. It is a bidirectional. It is a fully duplex communication model. Finally connection is terminated. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 133

134. Sample Question 3 - ANSWER Find out the best suitable communication model based on the following statements: It uses a persistent connection between the client and server. Once the connection is setup it remains open until the client sends a request to close the connection. Client and server can send messages to each other after connection setup. It is a bidirectional. It is a fully duplex communication model. Finally connection is terminated. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 134 Exclusive Pair Communication Model

135. Sample Question 4 Choose the appropriate IOT Levels bases on the following conditions: It has a multiple end nodes and one coordinator node that performs sensing and/or actuation. It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and perform local analysis. (Data store, Application -> Cloud) This level is well suit for data involved is not big. The level(s), which are performs local analysis? This IoT Level is best suit for IEEE 802.15.4 deployment? The level(s) are well suit for the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive. This level detects forest fire. This level is applied in home automation(s). This level is an example of “Smart Irrigation”. The level(s), which are performs everything at cloud side, except sensing and/or actuation. 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 135

136. Sample Question 4 - ANSWER Choose the appropriate IOT Levels bases on the following conditions: It has a multiple end nodes and one coordinator node that performs sensing and/or actuation. ( Level 5 ) It has a single node that performs sensing and/or actuation and perform local analysis. (Data store, Application -> Cloud) ( Level 2 ) This level is well suit for data involved is not big. ( Level 1 ) The level(s), which are performs local analysis? ( Level 1,2,4 ) This IoT Level is best suit for IEEE 802.15.4 deployment? ( Level 5 ) The level(s) are well suit for the analysis requirements are not computationally intensive. ( Level 1,2 ) This level detects forest fire. ( Level 5 ) This level is applied in home automation(s). ( Level 1 ) This level is an example of “Smart Irrigation”. ( Level 2 ) The level(s), which are performs everything at cloud side, except sensing and/or actuation. ( Level 3,5,6 ) 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 136

137. Thank you 1/7/2021 Introduction to IoT 137