Introduction to Linguistics(Lesson 1).pptx

This presentation is intended for all students taking the Education major in English.

1. Introduction To Linguistics GERALD C. PALMA, LPT., MACDDS INSTRUCTOR

2. Overview Understanding language is understanding culture, society, and human existence in general. We use the English language as our cornerstone in studying the human language. The apparent reason is that English is the lingua franca of the world. World War II - The war transformed the United States into a superpower not only in terms of technological prowess and military force in particular but also as the global economic epicenter, in general. Since then, English has become the most widely spoken language of international communication.

3. Contents 02 01 03 Chapter 1 The Foundation on the Study of Language Chapter 3 Phonology Chapter 2 An Overview of the Study of Linguistics: Branches, Theories, and Approaches

4. Contents 05 04 06 Chapter 4 Morphology Chapter 6 Semantics Chapter 5 Syntax

5. Contents 07 Chapter 7 Pragmatics

6. Diaågram Linguistics Education Philosophy Syntax Semantics Phonetics Lexicon Morphology Pragmatics Pedagogy Curriculum Literacy Didactics Learning Teaching Ethics Logic Metaphysics Epistemology Aesthetics Ontology

7. Philosophy of Linguistics Core Questions Nature of Language Structure of Language Origin of Language Linguistic Theories Semantics Pragmatics Language Learning Knowledge Representation Ethical Considerations Artificial Intelligence Communication Branches of Study Applications Implications

8. Key Concepts phonetics morphology phonology Study of Speech Sounds Study of Patterns of Sounds Study of Morphemes Phonetics is a branch of linguistics that studies the physical properties of sounds - that is, how sounds are produced and articulated through the interaction of the different vocal organs. Phonology is the study of patterns of sounds in a language, how speech sounds are organized, and how they are used to convey meaning. Morphology is the study of morphemes - the smallest meaningful unit of a language cannot be further divided.

9. Key Concepts Semantics Pragmatics Syntax Study of Meaning Structure of Sentences Contextual Use of Language Semantics studies language meaning, interpreting texts, and the relationship between words, signs, and real-world representations. Syntax is the study of sentence structure rules in a language, organizing words and phrases to create clear and coherent communication. Pragmatics studies how context influences language interpretation, emphasizing social communication and the use of language for effects beyond literal meanings.

10. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language Language is defined as linguistic communication, speech communication, cognitive communication, and culture-based. Verbal Communication As speech communication , language is about the production and reception of sounds. Through the use of the speech organs, humans are capable of transferring information, even in the shortest amount of time. In any interaction and whenever language is used, humans use the articulatory mechanisms of the vocal track to produce strings of oral sound. These sounds are transported through the air in wavelength. The sound is received, translated, and interpreted by the brain. Language indeed is a remarkable means to communicate. It is innate to humans.

11. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language Mental Process Language as a cognitive ability is professed as an instrument of thinking, where language mirrors the mind. Although all humans are equipped with the same configuration of the speech organs, not all people are as eloquent, or as good at playing with their words and using a particular language. Language as a cognitive process is often illustrated as the workings of the brain, especially when we are alone. When we are buried in our deep contemplations, we seem to have an incessant stream of internal speech, and most likely we respond to our thoughts. Language is a central part of human consciousness . The brain is capable of decoding abstract symbols and translating them into concrete symbols of sounds and structures of words. “Language most shows a man, speak that I may see thee.” - Ben Johnson

12. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language Linguistic Communication Language, as linguistic communication , is perceived as sets of signs and a system of symbols grounded on pure arbitrary concords. Although the organization of language varies from speakers to speakers of different languages, there is a generic set-up that sounds form into words, as words make up phrases, clauses, and series of indefinite, and meaningful sentences. The configuration of language is complex yet methodical. In English language syntax, each word is labeled into a syntactic category called the parts of speech . Each category is arranged in a logical system to form a meaning.

13. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language The people are advised to stay home during the pandemic.

14. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language are advised to stay home during the pandemic. SUBJECT (Article “the” and a noun “people.” ) PREDICATE (Auxiliary verb + main verb in past participle + infinitive + noun + prepositional phrase (preposition, article, and noun) Auxiliary Verb – is verb that acts as a helping verb along with main verb in a sentence to make it more meaningful. Main Verb (Lexical or Principal Verb) – the important verb in the sentence, the one that typically shows the action or state of being of the subject. Infinitive Verb – a form of a verb that can be used as a noun, adjective, or adverb. The word “to” + a non-conjugated verb (base verb). Prepositional Phrase – a part of a sentence that consists of one preposition and the object it affects. The object of the prepositional phrase can be either a noun, gerund, or clause. The people

15. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language Culture-shaped Language is a means of communicating the culture of a particular community or members of society. A particular expression could be acceptable to a specific community of people but not to others whose practices are formed from different orientations. Note: Language is intertwined with culture. Language indeed is culture-defined as Saussure (1916) quoted, “It is time to return to viewing language as cultural because language is a social institution.” “Each community is formed by the activity of language.” – Leonard Bloomfield

16. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language LANGUAGE VIEWED STRUCTURALISTS (The structuralists believe that language is a structured of components, an idea with a specific framework. For them, language, as a system, possesses a structure that governs the aspects of every element of a whole). (The structuralists assert that learning language is putting all the pieces together because they are interrelated. They describe language as consistencies, patterns, and rules. To them, the language system is semiotic . It is composed of speech sound randomly assigned to the object and ideas to which they pertain for human communication). (They specifically view language as a means of communication, primarily vocal, arbitrary, and a system of systems ).

17. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language LANGUAGE VIEWED TRANSFORMATIONALISTS (Language for the transformationalists is a generative and creative process. Language pervades creativity since it is more abstract and has more reflective elements. They maintain the sight of language as an actual knowledge and use, that language is internalized when language atmosphere is provided). (Language is knowledge and competence. This can be internalized by using a unified approach to learn the language. Human language, according to Chomsky (1980) “is a system for free expression of thought, essentially independent of stimulus control, need-satisfaction or instrumental purpose.” (Transformationalists view language as mental, innate, universal, and creative .

18. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language LANGUAGE VIEWED FUNCTIONALISTS (The functionalists view language as an instrument for communication and a vehicle for expression. They argue that structures can be best analyzed when referred to the functions they carry-out in a communicative context. Also, they believed that language is acquired, produced, used, and structures for interactions). (For functionalists, language is part of the social, semiotic, and interdependent relationship . It is more than a set of sentences; “It is a text, a discourse, an exchange of meanings in an interpersonal context” [ Nordquist , 2020] ).

19. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language FUNCTIONALISTS According to Michael Halliday, language potentially creates not only meaning but also society, which is fully achieved when it is used in functional communication. Linguistic functions, according to Halliday (2018), involves meta and micro functions where one language is used by children as means of exploring their language skills and their environment, and the other is used by adults to create interaction and transmit order in society.

20. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language LANGUAGE VIEWED INTERACTIONISTS (The interactionalists view language as a product of a human desire to communicate with another and acquire the language which one desires to learn. (The interactionists believe that humans genetics provides an individual the capability to produce language and his/her social interactions make him/her master the language). INTERACTIONISTS (According to Vygotsky (1962), language is developed through social interaction . He also confirmed that “language plays a critical role in the child’s cognitive development.” This means that the more a child uses language, the better his brain functions.

21. Lesson 1: Definition of language and views Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language INTERACTIONISTS For adults, as Vygotsky noted, communication is the primary purpose of using the language, but once it is mastered, it becomes inner speech and internalized. According to Bruner, language is a symbolic illustration of a person’s intellectual development . He noted that learning the language is an active process and done through interactions .

22. Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language

23. Comprehension check! Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language 1. Explain the following quotes: (Refer back to the definitions and language views) a. “The agility of the tongue is shown in its insisting that the world depends on it.” - Charles Sanders Pierce b. “We are storytelling creatures, and as children we acquire language to tell those stories that we have inside us.” - Jerome Bruner c. “Language disguises thought.” - Ludwig Wittgenstein

24. Assignment! Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language Create a meme that represents your learning and personal view of language. Criteria: Visual Presentation - 20 % Relevance - 30 % Humor and Emotional Appeal - 25 % Message - 25 % Total 100 %

25. Chapter 1: Foundations on the Study of Language

26. "Th e limits of my language mean the limits of my world." - Ludwig Wittgenstein