INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE 2024/2025 (2).pptx

Notes on introduction into medicine for medical students

1. INTRODUCTION TO MEDICINE AMBE A . PATRICK

2. INTRODUCTION Humans(organism) are an assembly of systems, they themselves being derived from an assembly of organs formed from the coming together of tissues. These levels of organization are studied in medicine by two main branches: Anatomy and physiology ANATOMY: The science of the body structures and the Relationship among them PHYSILOGIE : The science of body structures, how body parts work. Anatomical and physiological subdivisions give rise to some specialties in medicine exp: cardiologist neurologist

3. LEVELS OF ORGANIZATION (6) Just as letters come together to form words , words to sentences, sentences to paragraphs to text to books………., so does the human body, with the smallest level being the chemical level → molecular → cell → tissue →organs→ systems → organism . exp : Atoms ( C,H,N,S..) → molecule (DNA) → myocytes → myo , endo , and pericardium → heart → cardiovascular system→ organism

4. The Eleven Systems of the Human Body who can list them?? 🤔

5. NERVOUS SYSTEM ENDOCRINE SYSTEM SKELETAL SYSTEM MUSCULAR SYSTEM DIGESTIVE SYSTEM RESPIRATORY SYSTEM REPRODUCTIVE SYSTEM URINARY SYSTEM HEMATOPOIETIC SYSTEM LYMPHATIC SYSTEM IMMUNE SYSTEM

6. Characteristics of living human organism Processes that distinguish living things from non living they are: Metabolism Responsiveness : ability to detect and respond to changes Movement Growth Differentiation : development of a cell from an un specialized to a specialized state Reproduction.

7. Anatomical Position The anatomical position defines the position of organs with respect to their surroundings (the heart lies above the diaphragm. Anatomical position: a person stands erect, legs together and arms by their sides, with their head, eyes, toes and palms of the hands facing forward. The body is described in the anatomical position

8. Anatomical position

9. Body Planes There are 3 main planes Axial or horizontal plane (Transverse section) Cuts the body into a superior and inferior sections Coronal plane (frontal section) Cuts the body into a front and a back sections Saggital plane Cuts the body in the left and right sections Frontal or coronary plane : divides into anterior and posterior sections Oblique : includes an angle

10. Body Planes

11. Body Planes

12. Direction of Organs Anterior: (or ventral) Towards the front of the body (in front of). The sternum lies anterior to the heart. Posterior: (or dorsal) Towards the back of the body (behind). The heart lies posterior the sternum. Superior: (or cranial) Above (on top of). The heart lies superior to the diaphragm

13. Direction of Organs Inferior : (or caudal) Below (underneath). The diaphragm lies inferior to the heart. Lateral: Away from the mid line of the body (towards the sides. The lungs lie lateral to the heart. Medial: Towards the mid line of the body (towards the middle). The heart lies medial to the lungs. Contralateral :on the opposite of the body Ipsilateral: on the same side as other structures

14. Direction of Organs Deep Away from the body surface (towards the inner body). The heart is deep to the sternum. Superficial Towards the external surface of the body. The sternum is superficial to the heart. Proximal Nearer to the trunk of the body. The shoulder is proximal to the elbow. Distal Furthest from the trunk of the body. The elbow is distal to the shoulder.

15. Regional names The principal regions are: Head Neck Trunk Pleural cavity Mediastinum Abdomen Pelvis Upper limbs Lower limbs

16. Regional names

17. Any questions so far???🤨

18. we proceed right ...

19. BODY CAVITIES who can NAME any???

20. FOR VIGILANT STUDENTS 😏 what seperates the thoracic form the abdominal cavity? what seperates the abdominal from the pelvic?

21. Abdomino-pelvic CAVITY division There are two methods of diving the abdomino-pelvic CAVITY Quadrants :4 Regions :9 according to the organs in the given region

22. Quadrants

23. Regions

24. Regions

25. Medical imaging Medical imaging: These are techniques and procedures used to create images of the human body they include: RADIOGRAPHY MAGNETIC RESONANCE IMAGING (MRI) COMPUTED TOMOGRAPHY (CT) ULTRASOUND SCANNING POSITRON EMISSION TOMOGRAPHY (PET) RADIONUCLIDE SCANNING ENDOSCOPY

26. Epidemiology It is the branch of science that deals with the study of the frequency and determinants of a disease in a community. PREVALENCE The number of cases of a particular disease in a locality eg ; say in Douala, of children of 10 to 15 yrs.' ,20 suffer from malaria . INCIDENCE It is the number of new cases of a particular disease over a given period of time in a locality.

27. Epidemiology EPIDEMIC DISEASE It is a disease characterized by the occurrence of an unusually high incidence of infections in a given locality. Eg Cholera PANDEMIC It is a disease which affects more than one continent or that affects the world at large e.g ???

28. Epidemiology Epidemiology ENDEMIC DISEASE It is a disease which is constantly present in a given locality . it exists at a relatively l ow percentage and could sometimes peak e.g??? ( get examples from BS). NOSOCOMIAL INFECTIONS It is an infection acquired in the hospital, ie specifically an infection that was not present prior to the patient’s being admitted into the hospital but occurred after the patient’s hospitalization. Iatrogenic infection It is an infection induced by therapy or the activity of a physician.

29. AN INTRODUCTION TO HUMAN BODY [QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS 1. Which of the following specialties might focus on studying all of the structures of the ankle and foot? a. microscopic anatomy b. muscle anatomy c. regional anatomy d. systemic anatomy 2. A scientist wants to study how the body uses foods and fluids during a marathon run. This scientist is most likely a(n) ________. a. exercise physiologist b. microscopic anatomist c. regional physiologist d. systemic anatomist

30. 3. The smallest independently functioning unit of an organism is a(n) ________. a. cell b. molecule c. organ d. tissue 4. A collection of similar tissues that performs a specific function is an ________. a. organ b. organelle c. organism d. organ system 5.The body system responsible for structural support and movement is the ________. a. cardiovascular system b. endocrine system c. muscular system d. skeletal system

31. 2 1 . Which of the following imaging studies can be used most safely during pregnancy? a. CT scans b. PET scans c. ultrasounds d. X-rays 2 2 . What are w two major disadvantages of MRI scans? a. release of radiation and poor-quality images b. high cost and the need for shielding from the magnetic signals c. can only view metabolically active tissues and inadequate availability of equipment d. release of radiation

32. we have gone halfway, can we contineu??

33. MERCI Lesson IS ENDED 😉 AMBE A. PATRICK