Introduction to microbiology

Introduction, Scope and Applied areas of Microbiology

1. Introduction to Microbiology 18-08-2020 1 Dr. Pulipati Sowjanya Associate Professor Vignan Pharmacy College Guntur - 522213

2. MICROBIOLOGY The word Microbiology was derived from Greek words mikros – small, bios – life, logy – science. Microbiology is a science which deals with living organisms of microscopic size. Study of microorganisms started after the discovery of microscope by Antony Van Leeuwenhoek. He is known as father of microbiology The term microbiology was introduced by a French Chemist - Louis Pasteur , who demonstrated that fermentation was caused by the growth of bacteria and yeast. He is known as father of modern microbiology. 18-08-2020 2

3. Size of Particles and Microorganisms 18-08-2020 3

4. Members of the Microbial World 18-08-2020 4

5. Specific classes of microorganisms 18-08-2020 5

6. Characteristics of groups of microorganisms 18-08-2020 6

7. Beneficial and Harmful effects of Microorganisms 18-08-2020 7

8. Scope of Microbiology 1. Production of antibiotic Eg : penicillin from penicillium. 2. Production of enzymes , vaccines, biosurfactants, alcoholic and other pharmaceutical product. 3. Diagnosis of disease and treatment Eg : ELISA, Widal test. 4. Treatment of industrial waste and material 5. Plant growth promotion 6. Sterile product preparation 7. Sterilization ( process of killing microorganisms). Eg : moist heat sterilization, dry heat sterilization, and membrane filtration. 8. Steroid biotransformation. Eg : progesterone, testosterone. 9. Identification of microorganisms. Eg : morphological, cultural or microscopic study. 10. Testing of Pharmaceuticals products and raw materials. 18-08-2020 8

9. Major Divisions of Microbial World Medical microbiology Pharmaceutical microbiology Industrial microbiology Food microbiology Soil microbiology Agriculture microbiology Aquatic microbiology Air microbiology Epidemiology 18-08-2020 9

10. Terminology Bacteria, fungi, protozoa, and helminths are named according to the binomial Linneaus system that uses genus and species, but viruses are not so named. For example, regarding the name of the well-known bacteria Escherichia coli , Escherichia is the genus and coli is the species name. Similarly, the name of the yeast Candida albicans consists of Candida as the genus and albicans as the species. But viruses typically have a single name such as poliovirus, measles virus, or rabies virus. Some viruses have names with two words such as herpes simplex virus, but those do not represent genus and species. 8/18/2020 10

11. Definitions and terms Infection is a generic term used to indicate invasion of the host by a microorganism. Infection may be subclinical or asymptomatic when the patient is unaware of the infection. Clinical infection is associated with the presence of overt signs and symptoms of disease. The term ‘ colonization ’ should be restricted to the presence of a microbe at an expected site. A pathogen is a microbe that potentially can cause harm, i.e. tissue damage. An opportunistic pathogen is a microbe that causes infection in patients with impaired immunity, e.g. fungal infections in cancer patients. 8/18/2020 11

12. Importance in Healthcare Health care providers and Laboratory specialists have the task of figuring out what type of organism causes disease. This is the only way we can have specific and effective treatment. Choosing the wrong treatment can allow the disease to get worse, and also contributes to the growing problem of antibiotic resistant organisms. 8/18/2020 12

13. 18-08-2020 13 It’s one thing to have talent. It’s another to figure out and how to use it