Introduction to nervous system Neuron structure , function and types

Introduction to nervous system
Neuron structure , function and types
Organization of NS
Disorders
Pathways

1. Name: Sana Rehman Subject: Molecular Biology

2. NERVOUS SYSTEM: Contents: Introduction to nervous system Neuron structure , function and types Organization of NS Disorders Pathways

3. Introduction to the Nervous System The nervous system is a complex and intricate network of cells that transmit signals between different parts of the body. It is responsible for processing sensory input, initiating movements, and coordinating bodily functions. The nervous system is divided into two main parts: The central nervous system (CNS), which includes the brain and spinal cord, The peripheral nervous system (PNS), consisting of nerves that connect the CNS to the rest of the body.

4. Structure and Function of Neurons Anatomy of Neurons Neurons are specialized cells that transmit information through electrical and chemical signals. They consist of a cell body, dendrites, and an axon. Functions of Neurons Neurons play a crucial role in processing and transmitting information in the nervous system. They communicate through synapses and neurotransmitters. Transmission of Signals Neurons transmit signals through action potentials, which are rapid changes in the cell's membrane potential.

5. Types of Nervous Systems Central Nervous System The central nervous system consists of the brain and spinal cord. It is responsible for processing and integrating information. Peripheral Nervous System The peripheral nervous system includes all the nerves outside the central nervous system. It connects the central nervous system to the rest of the body.

6. Organization of the Human Nervous System 1 Structural Organization The human nervous system is organized into the central nervous system and the peripheral nervous system, which work together to regulate bodily functions. 2 Functional Organization It is divided into sensory and motor divisions, allowing for the reception and interpretation of sensory information, as well as the initiation of responses. 3 Complexity and Integration The intricate organization of the human nervous system enables complex behaviors, thoughts, and emotions.

7. The Brain: Anatomy and Major Regions Cerebrum The largest part of the brain, responsible for higher cognitive functions such as thinking, learning, and memory. Cerebellum Controls motor coordination, balance, and posture, ensuring smooth and precise movements. Brainstem Regulates basic life functions such as breathing, heartbeat, and blood pressure.

8. The Spinal Cord: Structure and Role 1 Anatomy of the Spinal Cord The spinal cord is a cylindrical bundle of nerve fibers that extends from the brainstem. It serves as a pathway for information traveling to and from the brain. 2 Functional Role The spinal cord plays a key role in reflex actions and serves as the primary communication link between the body and the brain.

9. Sensory and Motor Pathways Sensory Pathways These pathways carry sensory information from the body to the brain, allowing us to perceive and respond to our environment. Includes pathways for touch, pain, temperature, and proprioception. Motor Pathways Control voluntary movements and are responsible for sending signals from the brain to the muscles. Involve the corticospinal tract and other motor pathways.

10. Common Disorders of the Nervous System Alzheimer's Disease A progressive neurodegenerative disorder characterized by memory loss and cognitive decline. Parkinson's Disease A neurodegenerative disorder affecting movement and characterized by tremors, stiffness, and impaired balance. Multiple Sclerosis An autoimmune condition that affects the central nervous system, leading to disrupted communication between the brain and the body.

11. Neurotransmitters and Their Functions Dopamine Regulates movement, motivation, and emotional responses. Implicated in reward and pleasure. Serotonin Regulates mood, appetite, and sleep. Plays a key role in emotional well-being and mental health. Acetylcholine Functions in muscle control and plays a role in attention, arousal, and memory.

12. Future Directions in Neuroscience Research 1 Advanced Imaging Techniques Advancements in imaging technologies such as fMRI and diffusion tensor imaging are improving our understanding of brain structure and function. 2 Neuroplasticity and Rehabilitation Research focuses on understanding the brain's ability to reorganize itself after injury and the potential for enhancing recovery after neurological damage. 3 Molecular and Cellular Neuroscience Exploring the molecular and cellular mechanisms underlying neural development, function, and disorders to pave the way for targeted treatments.

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