Introduction to Nursing Research.pptx

This is the first unit of Nursing Research subject for BSc nursing students. This helps the students to learn & understand regarding the meaning of research & nursing research, problem solving process, importance of nursing, research, need & purpose of nursing research, qualities etc.

1. INTRODUCTION TO NURSING RESEARCH

2. Unit 1 Foundation of Nursing Research Research Process

3. Research is a systematic inquiry that uses disciplined methods to answer questions or solve problems.

4. Ultimate Goal of Research Develop, Refine & Expand body of Knowledge.

5. Nursing research provides the scientific basis for the practice of the profession.

6. Methods of acquiring knowledge in Nursing

7. Methods of acquiring knowledge UNSTRUCTURED METHODS Tradition Authority Intuition Experience Trial & Error 2. STRUCTURED METHODS Inductive reasoning Deductive reasoning Assembled information Problem solving Scientific methods/ Research

8. PROBLEM SOLVING PROCESS

9. PROBLEM DEFINITION PROBLEM ANALYSIS GENERATING POSSIBLE SOLUTIO NS ANALYZING THE SOLUTIONS SELECTING THE BEST SOLUTION (S) IMPLEMENTING THE SOLUTION(S) EVALUATION & REVISION

10. SCIENTIFIC METHODS

11. Defined as controlled, systematic investigations that are rooted in objective reality & that aim to devop general knowledge about natural phenomena .

12. Characteristics of Scientific Methods Orderly & systematic process Control external factors that are not under direct investigation Findings are based on empirical evidence Findings can be generalised Based on assumptions & hypotheses Conducted to develop or test theories

13. Purposes of Scientific Methods Description Exploration Explanation Prediction Control Prescription Identification of relationship of the facts.

14. Steps of Scientific Methods / Approach Selecting the topic & identifying the problem Defining the objectives of the study Review of literature from theory & other related studies Defining concepts & variables to be studied Stating hypothesis about expected observations or phenomenon to be studied. Identifying assumptions & implications Determining the ethical implication of the proposed study.

15. Contd... Describing the research design & methods for data collection Defining study population & sample Planning the data analysis & discussion Collecting data from objects Analysing & interpreting data Communicating findings of the study.

16. Limitations of Scientific Methods Moral or Ethical problem Human complexity Measurement problems External variable control problems.

17. Meaning of Research & Nursing Research

18. The word Research is come from the French term “RECERCHIER”.

19. Definitions of Research…. Research is defined as a systematic & scientific process to answer questions about facts & relationship between facts . Research essentially is a problem solving process, a systematic, intensive study directed towards full scientific knowledge of subject studies. ( Ruth M. French,1968) Research is the process of systematically obtaining accurate answers to significant & pertinent questions by the use of scientific method of gathering & interpreting information. (Clover & Balsley, 1979)

20. Definitions of Nursing Research Nursing research develops knowledge about health & promotion of health over the full lifespan, care of persons with health problems & disabilities to respond effectively to actual or potential health problems. (Commission of Nursing Research, American Nurses Association, 1981) Nursing research is a way to identify new knowledge, improve professional education & practice & use of resources effectively. (International Council of Nurses, 1986)

21. Contd…. Nursing research is a scientific process that validates & refines existing knowledge & generates new knowledge, which directly or indirectly influences nursing practice. (Burns & Grove, 2005)

22. Need & Purposes of Nursing Research Develop, refine & extend scientific base of knowledge. Enhance body of professional knowledge in nursing. Provide foundation for evidence based nursing (EBN) practice. Helps in expansion of knowledge. Enhance their professional identity. Define the parameters of nursing Refine & eliminate old knowledge.

23. Contd... Identify nursing care practices that make a difference in health care status of individuals & are cost effective. Enhance accuracy of different nursing educational & administrative techniques. Develop & refine nursing theories & principles. Solve the problems or answer questions related to nursing practices, nursing education & nursing administration.

24. Characteristics of good research... Orderly & systematic process Based on current professional issues Clearly defined purpose Emphasize developing, refining, & expanding professional knowledge Directed towards development or testing theories Finding solution of a problem Dedicated to develop empirical evidence Strive to collect first hand information/ data An objective & logical process Generate findings to refine & improve professional practices Use of appropriate methodology

25. Contd…. Conducted on representative sample Conducted through appropriate use of methods & tools of data collection Use of valid & reliable data collection tools Carefully recorded & reported Adequately & appropriately analysed research Patiently carried out activity Researcher’s expertise, interest, motivation & courage. Adequately communicated

26. Qualities of a good researcher.. R Research Oriented E Efficient S Scientific E Effec tive A Active R Resourceful C Creative H Honest E Economical R Religious

27. Types of Research

28. Types of Research Based on Approach Based on Purpose

29. Based on Approach Mixed Method Research Convergent Research Explanatory Sequential Research Exploratory Sequential Research Embedded Research

30. 2. Qualitative Research Phenomenology Research Ethnography Research Grounded Theory Research Case Study Research Historical Research

31. 3. Quantitative Research True Experimental Research/ Randomised Controlled Trial Quasi Expermental Research Non-experimental Research ( Descriptive, Exploratory, Correlational Research)

32. Based on Purpose Basic Research Applied Research

33. QUANTITATIVE RESEARCH

34. It is an inquiry into an identified problem, based testing a theory composed of variables, measured with numbers & analysed using statistical techniques. It's often an iterative process whereby evidence is evaluated, theories & hypotheses are tested & technical advances are made. Three quantitative research designs are EXPERIMENTAL, QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL & NON-EXPERIMENTAL research designs. Experimental or true Experimental research is commonly known as Randomized Controlled Trial or Randomized Clinical Trial. Non-experimental Research is further classified into descriptive, exploratory & correlational research.

35. Example... A descriptive study on the prevalence of health care associated infection among patients admitted in intensive care units.

36. QUALITATIVE RESEARCH

37. It is a field of inquiry that crosscuts disciplines & subject matter. It involves an in-depth understanding of human behaviour & the reasons that govern human behaviour. Data is collected in descriptive form rather than numerical form & analysed by descriptive coding, indexing & narrations. It involves analysis of data, such as words, pictures or objects. Five major types of qualitative research designs used are phenomenology, ethnography, grounded theory, case study, & historical research.

38. Example... A descriptive study on experiences of women who underwent female feticide in selected rural & urban areas in Punjab.

39. Features of Qualitative Research It is concerned with opinions, experiences & feelings of individuals producing subjective data. It describes social phenomena as they occur naturally. Qualitative data are collected through direct interaction with individuals, through one to one or group interviews or by observation. Data collection is time consuming. Criteria used to assess the reliability & validity differs from those used in quantitative research.

40. MIXED METHOD RESEARCH

41. It is a systematic approach to study a complex phenomenon which involves headlining of both numerical as well as descriptive narrations in a study. The four types of mixed Method research designs are convergent, exploratory sequential, explanatory sequential,embedded research designs.

42. Based on Purpose Basic Research

43. Basic Research Basic (fundamental or pure) research is performed without a specific purpose. The aim of basic research are:- Gather & generate information Expand body of knowledge to improve understanding about a discipline. Develop or refine theories & principles

44. Applied Research It refers to those studies that have functional purposes & practical use or application. It is conducted to resolve the following issues:- Solve problems Make decisions Evaluate something of interest Develop something new for immediate use

45. SCOPE & AREAS OF NURSING RESEARCH

46. CLINICAL NURSING PRACTICES NURSING ADMINISTRATION HEALTH SYSTEM & CARE OUTCOME NURSING EDUCATION

47. Problems in Nursing Research Fallibility of disciplined research Handling multiple variables Difficulty in control of external variables Minimal possibility of laboratory research Lack of standardized tools Measuring qualitative phenomena through quantitative means Lack of interest among researcher Ethical constraints Lack of qualitative research expertise