Introduction to pathology and it's branches

Detailed introduction to pathology and the conceptual understanding of types of pathology, diseases and diagnosis

1. Mr. Yasir - Lecturer Masters in Allied Health Sciences-MSAHS* BS Surgical Technology(UOL) Certificate In Teaching Development (UOL) Certificate in Clinical Experience(SIMS) DHPT-FAHS The University of Lahore

2. Students will be able to learn about introduction of pathology Students will be able to learn about division of pathology Students will be able to learn about branches of pathology

3. The term “pathology” is derived from the Greek words pathos which means disease and logy which means study. Thus pathology is a branch of biological sciences that deals with the study of all structural and functional abnormalities (at the level of cells, tissues, organs and body fluids) that take place as a result of a disease.

4. Pathology is considered a vital link between basic sciences physiolog y , bioche m istry et c ) a n d cli n ical sc ie n ces ( i ntern a l surgery, neurology, dermatology, theriogenology etc). (ana t o m y , m edici n e,

5. The pathological process consists of the following: Injury (damage) created by the causative agent (virus, bacteria, poison, hypertension etc) on cells, tissues and organs. Reactive changes (pathological changes) against the injury, for example, in cases of systemic hypertension there is myocardial hypertrophy of the left heart ventricle due to increase in the resistance to blood flow through the arterioles.

6. Pathology includes two major professional divisions: Medical pathology which deals with the study of diseases in humans. Comparative pathology which deals with the study of diseases in all animal species as well as human diseases.

7. In acade m ic stud i es, p a th o logy ( m edic a l or co m parative) i s div i ded i n to two major divisions: Anatomic pathology which deals with the study of the disease effects in cells, tissues and organs. Clinical pathology which deals with the study of the disease effects in body fluids and secretions (blood, urine etc.) using certain laboratory methods.

8. General pathology which deals with the study of the common basic changes in all tissues as a result of a disease, e.g., cell injury, necrosis, inflammation and neoplasm. Systemic pathology which deals with the study of morphological changes in tissues and organs of a particular system as a result of a disease e. g., pathology of respiratory system, pathology of digestive system, pathology of nervous system etc.

9. General pathology is a cellular-based study while systemic pathology is an organ system-based study. The key difference between general and systemic pathology is that the general pathology is the basic reaction of cells and tissue in response to abnormal stimuli that govern all diseases. On the other hand, systemic pathology is the study of diseases as they occur within a particular organ system.

10. 3. Diagnostic Pathology (Histopathology) which deals with the study of tissue abnormalities using gross and microscopic examination of biopsy samples. It is i m portant i n all areas o f path o log y , both in s p onta n eous and in experimentally-induced disease.

11. 4. Cytopathology which deals with the study of cellular changes. 5. Post-mort e m pathology which de a ls w i th patholo g ic a l exa m ina t i o n of human cadaver after death. It is also known as autopsy or necropsy.

12. 6. Forensic pathology is the subspecialty of pathology that focuses on the medico-legal investigation of the cause of a sudden or unexpected death by examination of a dead body. The term forensics is derived from the Latin word forēnsis which means forum (law court).

13. 7. Physiological pathology which deals with the study of alterations in the functions of organs and systems of the body as a result to a disease. It is also known as pathophysiology e.g., pathophysiology of indigestion, diarrhea, abortion etc.

14. 8. Immunopathology which deals with the study of diseases mediated by immune reactions. Such as immunodeficiency diseases, autoimmune diseases and hypersensitivity reactions. 9. Molec u lar pathology which de a ls with t h e study of altera t ions that ta k e place at the molecular level (e.g., DNA damage) as a result to a disease.

15. 10. Experimental pathology is the study of diseases that have been created or induced experimentally to analyze the structural &functional abnormalities in tissue to better understand the mechanism of underline diseases. Usually laboratory animals used in experimental pathology (Rabbits, Rats, Mice etc).

16. Blood is used in many tests. It can be checked in these ways: As a "whole" As the fluid left when red and white blood cells are removed.

17. Other body fluids collected for testing may include: Spinal fluid Joint fluids Bone marrow Sputum (phlegm) Urine

18. Disease: The disease is a condition in which an individual shows a morphological, biochemical and/or physiological deviation from the normal status . Etiology: The term etiology refers to the science that deals with the causes or origin of the disease or the factors that produce or predispose toward a certain disease or disorder.

19. Lesions: The term “lesions” refers to abnormal (pathological) structural and functional changes that occur in body during a particular disease. This word is perhaps the most commonly used word in pathology.

20. Macroscopical (gross) lesions: Abnormality in the tissue can be described grossly or by the naked eye including location, color, size, shape, consistency & appearance of the cut surface. Microscopical lesions: Abnormal morphological changes described under the microscope, lesions need quantification by using some general terms like mild, moderate, or severe.

21. Symptom: The term symptom refers to any evidence of a disease as told by the patient (in case of human being). Sig n : The t erm sign re f ers to any evide n ce o f a disea s e dete c ta b le t o a clinician (can be observed by the clinician).

22. Diagnosi s: The te r m d iagnosis re f ers t o the art or a c t of identif y i n g a particular disease from its signs and symptoms. Prognosis: It is the prediction of the probable outcome of a disease.

23. Pathogenesis: It is defined as the step by step developmental process from the beginning of the disease to its termination, or the mechanism by which the disease is developed.

24. Pathology is what explains all disease. What happens behind the scenes. Knowledge of Pathology is a prerequisite to evaluating and ultimately treating patients. It’s just like being a mechanic. How would you know how to fix a car engine, for instance, if you have no idea how it works (Physiology, Biochemistry), what its parts are (Anatomy), and the different ways in which these parts go wrong (Pathology).

25. 1. The investigation and diagnosis of disease from the examination of isolated cells is called as … In systematic pathology, A specific disease can affect individual organs or systems like Appendicitis Inflammation Tumor

26. The pathology which is concerned with the reactions of cells and tissues to abnormal stimuli and to inherited defects that are the main causes of disease, this is? The application of pathology to legal purposes where investigation of death in suspicious circumstances is ………… pathology.

27. Which branch of pathology involves the study of diseases related to the blood, urine, and body fluids? Which branch of pathology deals with the examination of cells obtained through fine-needle aspiration or other minimally invasive techniques?

28. https:/ /w w w.researchgate.net/publication/337669980_Pathology_an_Introduction Cheng L, Bostwick DG, editors. Essentials of anatomic pathology. New Jersey: Humana press; 2006. Scott MA, Stockham SL. Fundamentals of veterinary clinical pathology. John Wiley & Sons; 2013 May 31. Isom J, Walsh M, Gardner JM. Social media and pathology: where are we now and why does it matter?. Advances in anatomic pathology. 2017 Sep 1;24(5):294- 303.

29. Students have learnt about introduction of pathology Students have learnt about division of pathology Students have learnt about branches of pathology Students have learnt about disease and disease circumstances