Introduction to Pharmaceutical Biotechnology

A brief introduction and historical developments in pharmaceutical biotechnology and its application.

1. Dr. Mahesh Kumar Kataria
Professor, Seth G. L. Bihani S. D.
College of Technical Education, Sri
Ganganagar
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2. Pharmaceutical biotechnology consist of the combination of two
branches which are “PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE” and
“BIOTECHNOLOGY”.
DEFINITION:
•PHARMACEUTICAL SCIENCE: The branch of science deals with the
formulation, compounding and dispensing of drugs
•BIOTECHNOLOGY: The application of biological system, living
organisms, or their derivatives in making or modifying products or
processes for specific use.
•Biotechnology means the study (logos) of tools from living things
(Bios).
•The word "biotechnology“ was first used in 1917 by hungarian
agriculture engineer Karl Ereky(Father of Biotechnology) to describe
processes using living organisms to make a product or run a process,
such as industrial fermentations.
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3. Biotechnologybeganwhenhumansbegantoplanttheirown
crops,domesticateanimals,fermentjuiceintowine,make
cheese,andleavenbread.
PHARMACEUTICAL BIOTECHNOLOGY :Cansimplybedefine
asthesciencethatcoversalltechnologiesrequiredforthe
production,manufacturingandregistrationofbiologicaldrugs.
Theaimofthispharmaceuticalbiotechnologyistodesign,
producedrugsthatareadaptedtoeachpersonsgeneticmakeup,
whichcangivethemaximumtherapeuticeffect.Biotechnology
playsanimportantroleinpharmaceuticalsciencemost
especiallyinthepharmaceuticalindustriesbycreationof
geneticallymodifiedorganismsthatcanbeusedinindustrial
production
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4. Thedefinitionofbiotechnologycanbefurtherdividedinto
differentareasknownasred,greenblueandwhite.
Redbiotechnology:Thisareaincludesmedicalproceduressuch
asutilizingorganismsfortheproductionofnoveldrugsor
employingstemcellstoreplace/regenerateinjuredtissuesand
possiblyregeneratewholeorgans.Itcouldsimplybecalled
medicalbiotechnology.
Greenbiotechnology:Greenbiotechnologyappliestoagriculture
andinvolvessuchprocessesasthedevelopmentofpest-resistant
grainsandtheacceleratedevolutionofdisease-resistantanimals.
Bluebiotechnology:Bluebiotechnologyencompassesprocesses
inthemarineandaquaticenvironments,suchascontrollingthe
proliferationofnoxiouswater-borneorganisms.
Whitebiotechnology:White(alsocalledgray)biotechnology
involvesindustrialprocessessuchastheproductionofnew
chemicalsorthedevelopmentofnewfuelsforvehicles.
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5. Adistinctionismadebetween‘non-genebiotechnology’
and‘genebiotechnology’:
Non-genebiotechnology:Non-genebiotechnology
workswithwholecells,tissuesorevenindividual
organisms.Non-genebiotechnologyisthemore
popularpractice,involvingplanttissueculture,hybrid
seedproduction,microbialfermentation,production
ofhybridomaantibodiesandimmunochemistry.
Genebiotechnology:Genebiotechnologydealswith
genes,thetransferofgenesfromoneorganismto
anotherandgeneticengineering
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6. Stages of Biotechnology
Ancient Biotechnology:
Early history as related to food and shelter, including domestication
Classical Biotechnology:
Built on ancient biotechnology
Fermentation promoted food production
Medicine
Modern Biotechnology
Manipulates genetic information in organism
Genetic engineering
Cell biology: Structure, organization and reproduction
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7. Modern Biotechnology
Biochemistry: Synthesis of organic compounds, Cell extracts for
fermentation (enzymes versus whole cells)
Genetics: Resurrection of GregorMendel’s findings in 1866
In 1900s: Theory of Inheritance (ratios dependent on traits of parents)
Theory of Transmission factors
In 1902 W.H. Sutton: Chromosomes = inheritance factors
T.H. Morgan –Drosophila melanogaster
Molecular Biotechnology
Beadle and Tatum (Neurosporacrassa): One gene one enzyme
hypothesis.
Charles Yanofsky: colinearitybetween mutations in genes and amino
acid sequence (E.coli), Genes determine structure of proteins
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8. Hershey and Chase –1952: T2 bacteriophage–32P DNA, not 35S protein
is the material that encodes genetic information
Watson, Crick, Franklin and Wilkins(1953): X-ray crystallography, 1962
–Nobel Prize awarded to three men, Chargaff –DNA base ratios,
Structural model of DNA developed
Scientific foundation of modern biotechnology: based on knowledge of
DNA, its replication, repair and use of enzymes to carry out in vitro
splicing DNA fragments.
Organismicbiotechnology: Uses intact organisms and does not alter
genetic material.
Molecular Biotechnology: Alters genetic makeup to achieve specific
goals, Transgenic organism: an organism with artificially altered
genetic material.
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9. Applications of Biotechnology
Production of new and improved crops/foods, industrial chemicals,
pharmaceuticals (Fermentative production of Antibiotics, Amino acids,
Vitamins, Alcohol etc.)
Diagnostics for detecting genetic diseases
Production of Monoclonal Antibodies by hybridomatechnology.
Gene therapy
Vaccine development (recombinant vaccines): bacterial and Viral
Vaccines.
Enzyme immobilization and their applications in industry, analysis
(biosensors, ELISA etc.)and therapeutics (Artificial Organs)
Drug Delivery
Environmental restoration
Protection of endangered species
Conservation biology
Forensic applications: Polymerase chain reaction, finger printing
Food processing (cheese, beer)
Transgenic animals
Transgenic Plants
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10. References:
VyasS.P.andDixitV.K.,PharmaceuticalBiotechnology,FirstEdition,
2005(reprint),C.B.S.PublishersandDistributors,NewDelhi.
PatilA.S.etal.,ATextBookofPharmaceuticalBiotechnology,First
Edition,2019,S.VikasandCompany,Jalandhar.
RajeshGollapudiandSujithaPaladugu,Concisecoursein
PharmaceuticalBiotechnology,FirstEdition,2020,S.Vikasand
Company,Jalandhar.
BhatiaSaurabhandGoliDivakar,IntroductiontoPharmaceutical
Biotechnology-BasicTechniquesandConcepts,VolumeI,July2018
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11. Important Questions
What is pharmaceutical biotechnology?
Discuss various applications of pharmaceutical
biotechnology.
Who is the father of biotechnology?
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12. Dr. Mahesh Kumar Kataria 12