Introduction to pharmaceutical science.pptx

Pharmaceutical science focus on the design, synthesis, targeting, distribution, safety, and efficacy of potential therapeutics. This is an Introduction to Pharmaceutical Science

1. Introduction to Pharmaceutical Science

2. M edicine

3. V accine s

4. A drug is any substance that causes a change in an organism's physiology or psychology when consumed. Drug & Medicine A pharmaceutical drug, also called a medication or medicine, is a chemical substance used to treat, cure, prevent, or diagnose a disease or to promote well-being .

5. Classification of Drugs Medicine Traditional Medicine Modern Medicine Chemical Compounds Biologics Natural Products Synthetic Proteins and Peptides Vaccines Blood and blood components Allergens Cells and Tissues Genes

6. Chemical Compounds Natural Products P aclitaxel （紫杉醇） In 1955, the National Cancer Institute (NCI) in the United States set up the Cancer Chemotherapy National Service Center (CCNSC) to act as a public screening center for anticancer activity in compounds submitted by external institutions and companies. The discovery of paclitaxel began in 1962. A number of years later it was isolated from the bark （树皮） of the Pacific yew （太平洋紫衫） , Taxus brevifolia （短叶红豆杉） , hence its name " taxol ". Pacific yew （太平洋紫衫）

7. Chemical Compounds Synthetic Chemical Medicine Gerhard Domagk 1939 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 对氨基苯磺酰胺

8. Molnupiravir reduced hospitalizations and deaths in Covid-19 patients by nearly 50% Chemical Compounds Chemical Medicine for COVID-19 The drug reduced the median time that severely ill, hospitalized COVID-19 patients took to recover from 15 days to 11 days. PAXLOVID™ (ritonavir) was found to reduce the risk of hospitalization or death by 89% compared to placebo in non-hospitalized high-risk adults with COVID-19

9. Biologic Drugs Vaccines Smallpox 天花 “当日异传之家 , 至今尚留苗种 , 必须二三金 , 方得一枝丹苗 , 买苗后 , 医家因以获利。时当冬夏种痘者 , 即以亲生族党姻戚之子女传种。留种谓之‘养苗’。设如苗绝 , 又必至太平再买，所以相传 , 并无种花失事者。” ——《 痘科金镜赋集解 》

10. Biologic Drugs Vaccines The father of immunology Edward Jenner The smallpox vaccine, introduced by Edward Jenner in 1796, was the first successful vaccine to be developed. He observed that milkmaids who previously had caught cowpox did not catch smallpox and showed that inoculated （接种） vaccinia protected against inoculated variola virus （天花病毒） .

11. Biologic Drugs Vaccine Types 脊髓灰质炎 麻疹 腮腺炎 风疹 水痘 百日咳

12. Biologic Drugs COVID-19 Vaccine

13. Biologic Drugs Proteins and Peptides 强生 U.S.A 葛兰素史克 United Kingdom 默克 / 默沙东 U.S.A 诺华 Switzerland 赛诺菲 French 罗氏 Switzerland

14. Biologic Drugs Proteins and Peptides FDA-approved therapeutic proteins (2011–2016*). 血浆蛋白

15. Biologic Drugs Monoclonal Antibodies A monoclonal antibody ( mAb or moAb ) is an antibody made by cloning a unique white blood cell.  黄嘌呤 （ Hypoxantin ） 氨基蝶呤 （ Aminopterin ） 胸腺嘧啶脱氧核苷 （ Thymidin ）

16. Biologic Drugs Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibody drugs for cancer Flagging cancer cells. Blocking cell growth. Preventing blood vessel growth. Blocking immune system inhibitors. Delivering chemotherapy. Antibody-drug Conjugates

17. Biologic Drugs Monoclonal Antibodies Monoclonal antibody drugs for COVID-19 angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) 血管紧张素转移酶 2 neutralizing mAbs

18. Biologic Drugs Peptides anti-anxiety anti-depression Alzheimer’s disease Parkinson’s disease  Insulin Parathyroid hormone

19. Biologic Drugs Blood and blood components Blood transfusion therapy Some people need regular transfusions due to medical conditions such as hemophilia （血友病） or cancer. Jean Denis Karl Landsteiner

20. Biologic Drugs Blood and blood components Red blood cells carry oxygen help remove waste products Sickle Cell Disease （镰状红细胞） Anemia （贫血） Acute Bleeding Platelets help your blood clot properly Prevention of bleeding in patients with treatment-induced thrombocytopenia （血小板减少症） , congenital （先天） or acquired platelet dysfunction Acute Hemorrhage （出血）

21. Biologic Drugs Blood and blood components Plasma Acquired from the process of spinning before clotting. Treat bleeding in patients with multiple coagulation factor deficiencies COVID-19 ??? FDA has issued an  emergency use authorization   for convalescent plasma to be used in hospitalized COVID-19 patients and is being investigated for the treatment of COVID-19.  2020 年 2 月 8 日，国家卫健委新发布的 《 新型冠状病毒肺炎诊疗方案（试行第五版 修正版） 》 中，新增了“可采用恢复期血浆治疗”用于治疗重型、危重型病例。

22. Biologic Drugs Allergens Allergen immunotherapy , also known as allergy shots, is a form of long-term treatment that decreases symptoms for many people with allergic rhinitis （鼻炎） , allergic asthma （哮喘） , conjunctivitis (eye allergy) or stinging insect allergy.

23. Biologic Drugs Allergy and Allergens

24. Biologic Drugs Allergens Allergy shots are regular injections over a period of time — generally around three to five years — to stop or reduce allergy attacks. Each allergy shot contains a tiny amount of the specific substance or substances that trigger your allergic reactions.

25. Biologic Drugs Allergy and Allergens

26. Biologic Drugs Allergens

27. Biologic Drugs Cells Cell therapy is the administration of viable, often purified cells into a patient’s body to grow, replace, or repair damaged tissue for the treatment of a disease. hematopoietic (blood-forming) stem cells (a well-established treatment for blood related disorders) skeletal muscle stem cells neural stem cells mesenchymal （间质） stem cells Lymphocytes dendritic cells pancreatic islet （胰岛） cells

28. Biologic Drugs Hematopoietic Stem Cells Transplantation

29. Biologic Drugs CAR T-Cell Therapy CAR T-Cell (Chimeric antigen receptor T cell) Therapy , an immunotherapy, is a novel therapy that helps a person's immune system recognize and fight cancer.

30. Biologic Drugs CAR T-Cell Therapy

31. Biologic Drugs CAR T-Cell Therapy FDA-approved CAR T-cell therapy for adult patients with certain types of B-cell lymphoma 截至 2018 年 10 月，中国在 ClinicalTrial.gov 注册的 CAR-T 临床研究多达 201 项，其中 135 项为血液系统疾病研究， 66 项为非血液疾病研究（ 3 项为非肿瘤疾病临床研究）。 中国 CAR-T 治疗的临床研究中，近 70 ％的靶点仍是 CD19 ，疾病种类里有三分之二仍是白血病、淋巴瘤和多发性骨髓瘤。

32. Biologic Drugs Tissues Tissue Engineering is an interdisciplinary discipline addressed to create functional three-dimensional (3D) tissues combining scaffolds, cells and/or bioactive molecules . Tissue Engineering is the application of science to improve, restore and maintain the damaged tissues or the whole organ. 支架 金属 陶瓷 聚合物 复合材料 生物活性分子 生长因子 激素 骨形成蛋白 细胞 自体 异体 分化的细胞 干细胞

33. Biologic Drugs Tissues Artificial skin and cartilage （软骨） are examples of engineered tissues that have been approved by the FDA . Artificial skin is a collagen scaffold that induces regeneration of skin in mammals . Artificial skin is used in massively burned patients, during plastic surgery （整形外科） of the skin, and in treatment of chronic skin wounds.

34. Biologic Drugs Artificial skin Zhenan Bao, a professor of chemical engineering at Stanford a flexible, skin-like material detect pressure transmit a signal to a component of the nervous system

35. Biologic Drugs Tissues

36. Biologic Drugs Genes Gene therapy is an experimental technique that uses genes to treat or prevent disease. In the future, this technique may allow doctors to treat a disorder by modifying genes instead of using drugs or surgery. Replacing a disease-causing gene with a healthy copy of the gene Inactivating a disease-causing gene that is not functioning properly Introducing a new or modified gene into the body to help treat a disease

37. Biologic Drugs Genes CRISPR, the revolutionary genetic ‘scissors’