Introduction to Pharmacology

BDS 1st year theory class

1. Pharmacology: An Introduction Dr. Pravin Prasad MBBS, MD Clinical Pharmacology Assistant Professor, Department of Clinical Pharmacology Maharajgunj Medical Campus, Maharajgunj 17 February 2020 (5 Falgun 2076), Monday

2. By the end of this discussion, BDS 1 st year students will be able to: Briefly outline the development of Clinical Pharmacology Explain different terminologies used in Pharmacology Understand different drug nomenclatures

3. Before being organised….

4. Goats after consuming coffee berries

5. Ancient Poisons….

6. Use of herbs in Ancient times…

7. Before being organised.. Gambolling and frisking of coffee berries ( caffeine ) consumed goats through the night Poisoners using mushroom or deadly nightshade plant (containing belladonna alkaloids atropine and scopolamine) Used by ladies to dilate their pupils as eyedrops (belladonna compounds) “beautiful ladies” Chinese herb ma huang (ephedrine) as circulatory stimulant Poisoned arrows (curare) by South American Indians for hunting Poppy juice (opium) for pain relief and control of dysentries and recreational purposes

8. Then… Drug invention/discovery became more allied with synthetic organic chemistry. Paul Ehrlich postulation about dyes Invention of arsphenamine in 1907; patented as “ salvarsan ” Gerhard Domagk Prontosil “ERA OF ANTIMICROBIAL THERAPY”

9. Introduction: Defining pharmacology Pharmacology is a science of drugs. Pharmacon – drug logos – discourse in The subject of pharmacology is a broad one and embraces the knowledge of the source, physical and chemical properties, compounding, physiological actions, absorption, fate and excretion , and therapeutic uses of drugs. Can be defined as the study of substances that interact with living systems through chemical processes, especially by binding to regulatory molecules and activating or inhibiting normal body processes

10. Pharmacology to Clinical Pharmacology and Beyond: Changing Concepts Period of bizzare notions (before 17 th century) Reliance on experimentation and observation; Development of materia medica (17 th century) Development in Experimental Pharmacology (late 18 th and early 19 th century) Development in Clinical Pharmacology ; i.e. controlled clinical trials, rational therapeutics (late 19 th century) Pharmacogenomics (near future)

11. Pharmacology to Clinical Pharmacology: Changing Concepts Clinical Pharmacology is the scientific study of drugs (both old and new) in man. Pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic investigations Healthy volunteers and patients

12. Pharmacology: Major Areas Medical Pharmacology The science of substances used to prevent, diagnose and treat disease Toxicology Deals with the undesirable effects of chemicals on living systems, from individual cells to humans to complex ecosystems

13. Terminologies Pharmacokinetics Refers to the movement of the drug in and alteration of the drug by body Includes absorption, distribution, binding/localization/storage, biotransformation and excretion of the drug Pharmacodynamics Physiological and biochemical effects of drugs, and Their mechanism of action at various levels Pharmacotherapeutics Application of pharmacological information together with knowledge of disease for its prevention, mitigation or cure

14. Terminologies Drug French: Drougue -a dry herb Drug is any substance or product that is used or is intended to be used to modify or explore physiological systems or pathological states for the benefit of the recipient Chemotherapy Treatment of systemic infection/malignancy with specific drugs that have selective toxicity for the infective organism/malignant cell with no/minimal effects on the host cells

15. Terminologies Pharmacy It is the art and science of compounding and dispensing drugs or preparing suitable dosage forms for administration of drugs to man or animals

16. Time to Brainstorm!!! A 32 year male patient came to ENT OPD with complains of sore throat for 2 days, fever, high grade for 2 days, difficulty in swallowing; was examined by doctor on duty, diagnosed as Acute pharyngitis and Azithral , with other drugs, was prescribed. He went to pharmacy and was dispensed Zulid , stating Azithral is out of stock The patient is worried that the pharmacist changed the medicine and came to you. What will you do?

17. Time to Brainstrom : Medicine check!

18. Drug Nomenclature Chemical Name Non-proprietary Name Proprietary Name Describes the substance chemically Name accepted by competent scientific body/authority (USAN, BAN, rINN ) Name assigned by the manufacturer and is their property or trademark Code name assigned by the manufacturer for convenience and simplicity before an approved name is coined Referred to as approved name unless the drug is included in pharmacopoeia After being included, it is called official name At times also referred as generic names Also known as Trade name 1-( isopropylamino )-3-(1-naphthyloxy) propan-2-ol RO 15-1788 (code name used for flumazenil) Propanolol Meperidine/pethidine Lidocaine/lignocaine Diplar ( Deurali Janta ) Ciplar ( Cipla ) Inderal ( Abott ) Uniformity, convenience, economy, better comprehension Catchy, short, easy to remember, usually suggestive, consistency achieved Cumbersome; not suitable for prescribing purposes Consistency of product may not be achieved (quality, bioavailability) Confusion in drug nomenclature