INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINES HISTORY.pptx

school purposes

1. UNIT 1 INTRODUCTION TO PHILIPPINE HISTORY “HISTORY DIES WITHOUT THE PRESENT. THERE IS NO FUTURE WITHOUT THE PATH MADE TO IT BY THE PAST”. -Aidan Chambers

2. LESSON 1. INTRODUCTION TO HISTORY: ITS MEANING, SOURCES AND IMPORTANCE At the end of the lesson, you must have: 1. defined history and its relations with other branches of Social Sciences; 2. differentiated primary from that of secondary sources; and 3. discussed the importance of studying history.

3. ACQUIRE >>>Meaning of History So what exactly is the meaning of history? Providing definition to history has the traditional and modern definitions. In its traditional form- we always use its simplest meaning, ‘the study of the past or the record of the past.” Traditional historians from the concept of record of the past also confirms to the nation of “no written records, no history” isolating the discipline solely to the literatures or written accounts.

4. Modern historians contradict the idea of isolating the discipline from written records alone, they would have it defined as the interpretative and imaginative study of records of the past may it be written or unwritten with the main goal of enlightening or finding answers to human existence.

5. Dictionary.com defines history as the branch of knowledge dealing with past events and as a continuous, systematic narrative of past events as relating to a particular people, country, period, person, etc., usually written as a chronological account; chronicle.

6. The word history has entered the English language in 1390 with the meaning of "relation of incidents, story". The study of history is Greek in origin; it came from a word ἱστορί α (historía) which means "inquiry", "knowledge from inquiry", or "judge".

7. As used by Greek philosopher Aristotle, history meant a systematic account of a set of natural phenomena, whether or not chronological factoring was a factor in the account… by its most common definition, the word history now means, “the past of mankind.”… (Gottschalk, 1950).

8. With history as one contribution by the Greeks, the man named Herodotus also has the recognition as the “Father of History” due to his contribution in the field and his book he published entitled, “the Histories”.

9. History is a branch of Social Science. Merriam-Webster dictionary defines Social Science as a branch of science that deals with the institutions and functioning of human society and with the interpersonal relationships of individuals as members of society.

10. History being a branch of Social Science is also arguably labelled as the “Queen of Social Sciences.” Other branches of Social Sciences includes Economics, Anthropology, Philosophy, Psychology, Geography, Sociology, Political Science and other disciplines that connect human and society as the main subject itself.

11. As you continue to read and tackle the content of this module, you will be encountering questions about the different events in our country’s history that will allow you to reflect on the very essence of studying it. The several questions that you are to encounter in the study of history can be answered by historiography.

12. In the early modern period, the term historiography meant "the writing of history" or the history of history, and historiographer meant "historian".

13. Historiography was more recently defined as "the study of the way history has been and is written – the history of historical writing", which means that, "When you study 'historiography' you do not study the events of the past directly, but the changing interpretations of those events in the works of individual historians."

14. You are more likely confused with the difference between history and historiography. Just remember the simplest definitions of the two. History is the study of the past while historiography is the history itself. Thus, historiography widens your own understanding of history.

15. Sources of History One of the requirements expected of you to earn a degree in this university is for you to publish your own book or let’s say a thesis. In dealing with your own research, you include in your Review of Related Literature all your supporting researches from different references. You classify them according to their reliability, credibility and provenance. This is where the sources of history will help in distinguishing them.

16. There are several sources of history depending on the references you will follow but you will be using the simplest and easiest types of sources: the Primary and the Secondary . So what is the difference between primary source and secondary source?

17. A primary source is a document or physical object which is written or created during the time under study . These sources are present during an experience or time period and offer an inside view of a particular event while a secondary source interprets and analyzes primary sources. These sources are one or more steps remove/s from the event. Secondary sources may have pictures, quotes or graphics of primary sources in them.

18. Examples of Primary Sources are original documents (excerpts or translations acceptable): diaries, speeches, manuscripts, letters, interviews, news film footages, autobiographies, and official records. Creative works : poetry, drama, novels, music, and art. Relics or Artifacts : pottery, furniture, clothing, buildings.

19. The best examples of Secondary Sources are publications like textbooks, magazine articles, histories, criticisms, commentaries and encyclopédias .

20. There is another source which can be considered as tertiary source and these are called general references . General references help point a primary or secondary source to the reader.

21. Examples of tertiary source are information found in the card catalogues about books or documents, thèses , dissertations and book abstracts. In dealing with research and the study of history, you are always expected to rely first on the use of primary sources more than the secondary sources but it does not mean that secondary sources are not important.

22. Why Study History? Before we proceed to the importance of studying history, we would like you first to provide a brief answer to this question. If you are to become a figure from the past, who would it be and why ?

23. You are possibly counting yourself as one of those who hate the idea of memorization- specifically remembering the dates, names and facts. The idea of memorization or let say remembering is inevitable in the study of history.

24. However , you need to ponder on the very reason why knowing the figures from the past is significant because without history great people are more likely to be forgotten.

25. So why do you need to study history ? The new teaching of history as mentioned in the introduction is different from that of the approach you grew up with way back when you were in the basic education. You can possibly remember how the chronological method of teaching history was but the new Readings in Philippine History permits you to go back to the past by reading the actual primary sources of our nation’s story.

26. It also allows you to return to the actual time for you to fully grasp the events. Since many of the accounts that tackle about our own history are also coming from foreign writers, their own perspective are much in focus than that of our own. As you deal with contradicting and conflicting primary sources, it is your responsibility in the end to develop critical thinking so that you can create a conclusion that is factual or even close to truth.

27. These are some of the common reasons why studying history is important : 1. History Helps You Understand OUR WORLD You cannot understand people if you do not understand their past . This is where an adage, do not judge a book by its cover is most applicable to.

28. You cannot understand our community if you do not know how it came to be . Kindly look at the changes in your own place through the years and you will notice how change is truly unavoidable. We have those who are experiencing change in a faster phase and those who are experiencing it slowly.

29. You cannot understand our nation without history . History is the discipline that will allow you to have the understanding of the present status of the nation today. Our questions may be about: “Why is the Philippines considered to be one of the richest countries in Asia now lagging compared with our neighboring countries? Why is corruption rampant? Why is poverty sporadic?” Looking into our history or experiences in the past can serve as bases in providing answers to these questions.

30. You cannot understand our world if you do not understand history . Why did we have two Koreas? Why are China and the US not in good terms? With the many social and political issues surrounding the international arena, turning back to the events in the past will provide you with the idea of the present issues we have today.

31. 2. History Gives You Identity Studying history gives people a sense of nationalism . The Philippines is presently having territorial disputes with claimant countries in the Spratly’s and with Sabah. Internally, we also have decade long strife with communists and Muslim separatists in the south. With the many years that we have been facing both internal and external problems, the experiences of the nation has molded the people to continually defend and fight for its sovereignty. Therefore, history helps you understand current world affairs and conflicts by understanding the root of the problems.

32. It gives family and personal identity as well . Who you are and what you are is a factor that is said to be a product of your own experiences in the past. Thus, we also look at our own genealogy in tracing at our identity.

33. 3 . History Helps You Understand People Culture is relative and the study of history allows us to see our society and people from other societies once comparison is looked into . Just imagine for example how the shaking of the hands must be monitored when you go to Muslim provinces; why it is expected of you to place your right hand on your right chest after shaking hands with them as a form of friendship and warm greetings; or why Ilonggos are having stereotypes in Mindanao like them being labelled as “ tikalon ” or “showoff” and how among Muslims have their own division among Maranaos , Maguindanaoans , Tausugs , etc.

34. or why Ilonggos are having stereotypes in Mindanao like them being labelled as “ tikalon ” or “showoff” and how among Muslims have their own division among Maranaos , Maguindanaoans , Tausugs , etc. History can provide clarity to some existing stereotypes among ethnic groups in the country. This is where history gives ethnic groups a sense of identity.

35. History acts as a “social laboratory”, one of the few ways we can help predict the future behavior of such a large group.

36. 4. Those That Study and Understand History Become Good Citizens It provides national identity . History unites us to have a concept of a nation , with shared identity united by same language despite the differences in culture and languages available in the country. It allows us to better understand who we are and what we are as a nation.

37. It provides examples of success, morality and of course the examples of the opposite . History is significant for it allows us not forget the contributions of great people in history. Again without history, great people are forgotten. It offers support in making decisions and it encourages, “responsible public behavior, whether as a national or community leader, an informed voter, a petitioner, or a simple observer.”

38. LESSON 2. THE PHILIPPINES AND ITS PEOPLE LESSON OUTCOMES At the end of the lesson, you must have: 1. described the different theories on the origin of the Philippines and of the Filipino race; 2. discussed the characteristics of different groups of early Filipinos; and 3. written a personal reflection on the beginning of the Filipino nation .

39. ACTIVATE In the preceding lesson, you have learned the meaning of history, the difference between the primary and secondary sources and the importance of studying history. Lesson Two will provide you the understanding of the beginning of Philippines and its people.

40. Carmen Guerrero Nakpil , once described Philippine history as “300 years in a convent and 50 years in Hollywood.” We always associate Philippine history as a product of series of conquest or colonization from the two Western powers, Spain and the United States. The argument about our own formation as a nation is also expounding with us being associated as Hispanic, Asians and Pacific Islanders.

41. The Origin of the Philippines If you are to ask a foreigner about his or her own impression of what a true Filipino attributes are, majority of them are more likely to provide you answers that we are predominantly brown in complexion, short in height and with black hair. Our own concept of a Filipino identity is always conniving to that of what much of us can see around us. Without us realizing that the kind of people that we have today is actually a product of intermarriages and interactions with other races from both the west and the east. The history of the Philippines is traced back to some 709 thousand years ago (please refer to Reading 1) contradicting earlier findings of 50,000 years ago due to stories of Homo sapiens that did exist in Palawan some 50,000 years ago based on archaeological findings in the country.

42. The Philippines is located slightly above the equator and is situated in the maritime region of Southeast Asia. Countries and natural bodies of water surrounding the Philippines in the North is Taiwan, in the West are Vietnam and the West Philippine Sea, in the South are the Celebes Sea separating it from Malaysia, Indonesia and Brunei and in the East by the Philippine Sea, Pacific Ocean and Palau. It is one of the largest archipelagoes in the world with 7,641 islands in the latest census. The Philippines has one of the longest coastlines in the world with 17,000 kilometers long and with a wide networks of river as well. Some of the important rivers in the country are Rio Grande de Cagayan, the Agno River, Abra River, Pampanga River, and Pasig River in all the areas of Luzon and Rio Grande de Mindanao and also Agusan River in Mindanao.

43. There are several theories that can explain about the beginning of the Philippines from the legends and fairytales down to the scientific ones. One legend tells about the story of how islands of the Philippines is a part of a huge ball of rock that was thrown away by a giant and a legend about the battle between the sea and the sky. There are several known scientific theories about the Philippines. First is the Land Bridges Theory. It states that the Philippines used to be connected to main land Asia via land bridges. After the ice age, the ice melted and the water level rose and the land bridges vanished.

44. The Philippines was then isolated from mainland Asia. Another theory is the Tectonic Plate Theory which explains how major landforms are created as a result of Earth’s subterranean movements. The theory, which solidified in the 1960s, transformed the earth sciences by explaining many phenomena, including mountain building events, volcanoes, and earthquakes. The Philippine Plate is one of the tectonic plates in the world. One less known theory is the Lost Continent Theory which states that the Philippines used to be part of a huge continent which sank at the bottom of the sea. The remaining parts of this huge continent are the islands of the Philippines.

45. The next part of this chapter will tackle about the origin of the Filipino people.

46. THE FIRST FILIPINOS Who were the first people to live in the Philippines? Where did they come from? What happened to them? These are some of the curious questions we have in dealing with the origin of the Filipino people.

47. There are three main sources on the origin of the Filipino people. These are the Biblical, Legendary and the Scientific Theories. First is the Biblical Theory. Kindly ponder on these questions first: Do we have a mention of the term “Philippines” in the Bible? What about the term “Filipino”? The answers? No! Then why is it that we have a Biblical Theory on the beginning of Filipinos if we don’t have it mentioned in the bible? Fr. Francisco Colins , a Jesuit historian wrote that the first settlers of our country was Tharsis , son of Javan and great grandson of Noah, together with his brothers and their descendants of these Biblical characters settled in the parts of the world that we now know as Asia, including the islands of the Philippines.

48. Another theory is the legendary or mythological. There are also various legends and fairy tales about the origin of the first Filipino, but these were just the imaginary stories told by old folks to little children to keep them interested in their past. Two of the known stories are the Racial Superiority of the Brown People, depicting the creation of Bathala of the three pairs of clay: the black, white and brown, and the origin of Malakas and Maganda from a bamboo.

49. Next theory will fall on the Human Theory of Evolution classified into twothe Core Population Theory and the Migration Theory. Core Population Theory states that the ancient Filipinos already inhabited and also migrated from the islands to other parts. In 1962, there was a human skull found in the caves of Tabon in Palawan. The discovery of the fossils proves that there was already existence of humans in the Philippines more than 20,000 years ago. The Philippines has been proved by early scholars to be a clean geographical slate until occupied by ancient peoples through a series of waves of migration.

50. The immigration routes, we are told, were through land and sea routes. These early people also represented different racial stock. ( Jocano , 1998).

51. Dr. Henry Otley Beyer’s migration theory regarding the peopling of the Philippines became the most widely known version of the prehistoric period of the country. He states that the first people who came to the Philippines arrived in stages of waves or waves of migration. The first to reach the archipelago was the caveman “Dawn Man” type, similar to the Java Man and Peking Man and other fossils of Homo sapiens discovered in Asia about 250,000 years ago.

52. . Dr. Beyer called the first Filipino the “Dawn Man”, for his emergence on the islands at the dawn of time ( Halili , 2004). These are the different waves and order of migrants from the accounts of Dr. Beyer as summarized by F. Landa Jocano :

53. 1. The primitive type of people similar to the Java Man of 250,000 years ago. 2. The Negritos and other primitive Australoid -Sakai type between 25,000 and 30,000 years ago. About 9.5% of the 20th century population is said to have descended directly from this group.

54. 3. The sea-travelling and stone-using Indonesian “A” who came via rafts and plank-built boats who came about 5,000 to 6,000 years ago. 4. The seafaring group from Indo-China and South China coast to Luzon and Formosa (Taiwan) via good-sized dugouts who came about 1,500 BC. 5. The more advanced group, a terrace-building people from Central Asia who arrived from between 800 and 500 BC.

55. 6. The civilized Malays, who came by dugouts via Borneo, Palawan and Mindoro from whom a majority of the contemporary population descended; between 300 and 200 BC. 7. The people who came to our country during the Christian era, known as the modern Asians.

56. The Negritos Any students of history that has the knowledge of the beginning of the first people in our country would say that the first to inhabit the Philippines were the Negritos . Thus, their conclusion is leading with the idea that they are the true aborigines of our own country. Relying on the account of Dr. Beyer, in the disappearance of the Dawn Man came the Negritos who arrived between 25,000 to 30,000 years ago through land bridges.

57. The Negritos are generally characterized as small in height as they were less than five feet tall. They were called by the Spaniards as “ Negritos ” or little black people because they had black skin, short kinky hair, thick lips and flat noses. The concept of an advanced or civilized society was not yet in existence during this period. They wore little clothing, and had no government, no writing and no permanent homes.

58. . They wandered in the forests and lived by hunting, fishing and gathering wild plants and fruits. They typically lived in a lean-to, a type of shelter due to their nomadic lifestyle. They used the bow and arrow for hunting. Today, there are still Negritos in the hills of Zambales , Panay and Negros. The island province of Negros is actually named after the Negritos . They are known as Ati , Aeta , or Ita .

59. The Negritos have a lot of contributions that they can truly be proud of especially in the formation of Filipino society and culture. When you go to Negrito communities in our country, the earlier characteristics of the Negritos provided to you is more likely to confuse you, too. In the discussion of indigenous people in the Philippines, in the latter part of this module you will dig and analyze the reasons behind the marginalization that they are experiencing despite the many contributions that they have in the formation of our nation.

60. The Indonesians Aside from the Negritos , the Indonesian settlers had also come in two waves about 3,500 to 5,000 years ago coming from the waters of Indonesia. The name Indonesia was derived from the term Indos Nesos (Indian Islands) and popularized as Indonesia from 1881 to 1884 by the German geographer Adolf Bastian ( Jocano , 1998). In the account of Dr. Beyer, he labelled the two types of Indonesians who came to the Philippines; the Indonesian Type A and Type B.

61. The Indonesian “A” type was slender, fair complexioned, sharp and with thinfaced , with deep-set eyes. The Indonesian “B” type, who came later (about 1500 BC), was shorter in height, but larger in build, darker in complexion with wellpronounced jaws, a broad rectangular face, large thick nose, large mouth, thick lips and large firmly set eyes. About 12% of the population are said to have descended from Indonesian “A” group and 3 percent from the Indonesian “B” group.

62. Indonesians are generally characterized as a group that started to live in permanent homes. They used fire to cook their food and lived by hunting, fishing and farming. They also painted their bodies with colorful figures.

63. Today, the Indonesian minority tribes are found in some interior parts of our country. They are the Apayaos , Gaddangs , Ibanags , and Kalingas of Northern Luzon; the Tagbanuas of Palawan; and the Bagobos , Manobos , Mandayas , Bukidnons , Tirurays and Subanuns of Mindanao.

64. The Malays The Malays came after the Indonesians, about 2,000 years ago. They also arrived in boats called balangay from Southeast Asia. They were medium in height, brown-skinned, with dark eyes, flat noses and straight black hair. They drove the Indonesians into the forests and lived in the lowlands. The Malays were more civilized than the Indonesians. They lived in larger villages and had government, writing, music, arts and sciences. They lived by agriculture, fishing, mining and trading.

65. The history of the coming of the Malays was best depicted in the story of “ Maragtas ” or the coming of the 10 Bornean Datus to the island of Panay but as to the authenticity and reliability of the account, much of it are still in question. Majority of Filipinos today come from the Malay or brown race. Thus, there are Muslim Malays in Mindanao, Jolo and Palawan. In addition, there are Christian Malays in the whole country. There are also Malay tribes like the Igorots , Ifugaos , Bontoks , and Tinggians of Luzon.