INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON.pptx

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1. INTRODUCTION TO PHILOSOPHY OF HUMAN PERSON

2. What is Philosophy? Philosophy is a way of thinking about certain subjects such as ethics, thought, existence, time, meaning and value. The aim is to deepen understanding. The hope is that by doing philosophy we learn to think better, to act more wisely, and thereby help to improve the quality of all our lives . (from Greek, by way of Latin,  philosophia , “love of wisdom”) the rational, abstract, and methodical consideration of reality as a whole or of fundamental dimensions of human existence and experience. Philosophical inquiry is a central element in the intellectual history of many civilizations.

3. The study of philosophy involves not only forming one’s own answers to such questions, but also seeking to understand the way in which people have answered such questions in the past. So, a significant part of philosophy is its history, a history of answers and arguments about these very questions. In studying the history of philosophy one explores the ideas of such historical figures as: Plato Locke Aristotle Marx Hume Kant Mill Sartre Aquinas Descartes History of Philosophy:

4. PLATO (427-347 BCE) Plato was an ancient Greek philosopher born in Athens during the Classical period in Ancient Greece. In Athens, Plato founded the Academy, a philosophical school where he taught the philosophical doctrines that would later become known as Platonism.

5. JOHN LOCKE (1632-1704) John Locke FRS was an English philosopher and physician, widely regarded as one of the most influential of Enlightenment thinkers and commonly known as the "father of liberalism".

6. ARISTOTLE (384 BC- 322 BC) As the father of western logic, Aristotle was the first to develop a formal system for reasoning. He observed that the deductive validity of any argument can be determined by its structure rather than its content, for example, in the syllogism: All men are mortal; Socrates is a man; therefore, Socrates is mortal.

7. KARL MARX (1818-1883) Karl Marx was a German-born philosopher, economist, historian, sociologist, political theorist, journalist, critic of political economy, and revolutionary socialist.

8. DAVID HUME (1711-1776) David Hume was a Scottish Enlightenment philosopher, historian, economist, librarian, and essayist, who is best known today for his highly influential system of philosophical empiricism, skepticism, and naturalism.

9. IMMANUEL KANT (1724-1804) Immanuel Kant was a German philosopher and one of the central Enlightenment thinkers. Born in Königsberg , Kant's comprehensive and systematic works in epistemology, metaphysics, ethics, and aesthetics have made him one of the most influential figures in modern Western philosophy.

10. JOHN STUART MILL ( 1806-1873) John Stuart Mill (1806 - 1873) was a British philosopher, political economist and civil servant. One of the most influential thinkers in the history of liberalism, he contributed widely to social theory, political theory and political economy.

11. JEAN PAUL SARTRE (1905-1980) Jean-Paul Charles Aymard Sartre was a French philosopher, playwright, novelist, screenwriter, political activist, biographer, and literary critic, considered a leading figure in 20th-century French philosophy and Marxism. Sartre was one of the key figures in the philosophy of existentialism. 

12. THOMAS AQUINAS (1225-1275) Thomas Aquinas was an Italian Dominican friar and priest, an influential philosopher and theologian, and a jurist in the tradition of scholasticism from the county of Aquino in the Kingdom of Sicily, Italy. Thomas was a prominent proponent of natural theology and the father of a school of thought known as Thomism .

13. RENE DESCARTES (1596-1650) René Descartes was a French philosopher, scientist, and mathematician, widely considered a seminal figure in the emergence of modern philosophy and science . René Descartes is most commonly known for his philosophical statement, “I think, therefore I am” (originally in French, but best known by its Latin translation: "Cogito, ergo sum”).

14. What often motivates the study of philosophy is not merely the answers or arguments themselves but whether or not the arguments are good and the answers are true. Moreover, many of the questions and issues in the various areas of philosophy overlap and in some cases even converge. Thus, philosophical questions arise in almost every discipline. This is why philosophy also encompasses such areas as: Philosophy of Law Philosophy of Feminism Philosophy of Religion Philosophy of Science Philosophy of Mind Philosophy of Literature Political Philosophy Philosophy of the Arts Philosophy of History Philosophy of Language History of Philosophy:

15. B ranch of  philosophy  whose topics in antiquity and the Middle Ages were the first causes of things and the nature of being . Also known as the “first Science”. The term, which means literally “what comes after physics,” was used to refer to the treatise by Aristotle on what he himself called “first philosophy.” METAPHYSICS

16.   The philosophical study of the nature, origin, and limits of human knowledge. The term is derived from the Greek  episteme  (“knowledge ”) and   logos  (“reason”), and accordingly the field is sometimes referred to as the theory of knowledge . The central focus of ancient Greek philosophy was the problem of motion. Many pre-Socratic philosophers thought that no logically coherent account of motion and change could be given.  EPISTEMOLOGY

17. T he discipline concerned with what is morally good and bad and morally right and wrong. The term is also applied to any system or theory of moral values or principles.  (DARK AGES) The earliest surviving writings that might be taken as ethics textbooks are a series of lists of precepts to be learned by boys of the ruling class of Egypt, prepared some 3,000 years before the Christian Era. In most cases, they consist of shrewd advice on how to live happily, avoid unnecessary troubles, and advance one’s career by cultivating the favour of superiors. ETHICS

18.  Study of inference and argument. Inferences are rule-governed steps from one or more propositions, known as premises, to another proposition, called the conclusion.  Logic is often defined as the study of valid or correct inferences. On this conception, it is the task of logic to provide a general account of the difference between correct and incorrect inferences.  A  logic  is just a set of rules and techniques for distinguishing good reasoning from bad. LOGIC

19. The 4 Major A reas of Study: METAPHYSICS EPISTEMOLOGY ETHICS LOGIC