Introduction to philosophy session 2.pptx

he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular branch of knowledge or experience.
"the philosophy of science"he study of the fundamental nature of knowledge, reality, and existence, especially when considered as an academic discipline.
a particular system of philosophical thought.
plural noun: philosophies
"Schopenhauer’s philosophy"
the study of the theoretical basis of a particular br

1. T he branches of Philosophy Here starts the lesson!

2. The Missing One Peso Three friends decided to eat in a restaurant. Each has P10. They agreed to cheap in their money (amounting to P30) and chose a menu which they could eat together. After finishing their meal, they’ve learned that their bill amounted to P25 . This is what they did with the remaining P5. Each one got P1 back and they gave the waiter P2 as tip. Here’s the puzzle. If each of them contributed P10 and got back P1 later it means that each one actually spent P9. If we multiply P9 by 3 (friends), it means that they spent P27. Adding the P2 they gave to the waiter to P27 they spent, makes it P29. If their money from the start is P30, where is the P1? Read the puzzle below and try to answer what are being asked.

3. 1. Can we really find the missing P1 in the puzzle? Why or why not ?________ 2. What argument/s can you give regarding the puzzle? The following are my argument/s______________

4. Try to answer the following questions . 1 . What do you recall about the meaning of Philosophy? 2 . Can cite some characteristics of Philosophy? 3. What perspectives or approaches in Philosophy you already know? List them down. 4. How are these perspectives or approaches in Philosophy important in our day-to-day life?

5. Metaphysics, Ethics, Epistemology , Logic and Aesthetics. There are 5 branches of Philosophy: Metaphysical- philosophy accounts on investigating the unreal entities in terms of the real world that we experience through our senses.

6. The well-known Philosopher, Plato, enlightened the field of metaphysics by contrasting reality and appearance. He stated that our experience with the real world is not real. Reality according to him is how we perceive the world.

7. Therefore, what is real is just products of our perception through the mind. For example, we see a yellow chair because we perceive it as yellow chair. But others may perceive a different color when light affecting the appearance of the chair is obstructed.

8. 01 Traditionally, the word Metaphysics comes to us from Ancient Greece, where it was a combination of two words – Meta, meaning over and beyond – and physics . Thus, the combination means over and beyond physics. In the definition found in most dictionaries, metaphysics is referred to as a branch of philosophy that deals with first cause and the nature of being.

9. Ethics- as another branch of Philosophy deals with the evaluation of human actions and the nature of moral virtue . ethical philosophy accounts for the nature of our moral judgements and it also attempts to investigate our fundamental ethical ideas . From these contentions arise the idea of right versus wrong and evil versus good. Discourses like feminism (equal opportunities among genders ) and law-making become areas where ethical philosophy is employed. Socrates pointed out that knowledge is not merely theoretical nor speculative but also practical. It means that knowledge on rules of right living is not sufficient when it is not actually being practiced.

10. Where does ethical knowledge come from? Are we born with this knowledge or do we learn it? The answer  paradoxically  is yes to both. We are born with knowledge of ethics and we learn it as well.

11. Morals vs. Ethics  Ethics represents innate knowledge of right/wrong distinctions. Ethics transcends culture, religion, and time. Morals are culturally and religiously based distinctions of right/wrong.  The sphere of morality does overlap the sphere of ethics which makes distinctions between the two difficult. Morality claims knowledge of ethics but it does so through culturally based assertions, namely through religion.

12. What is the difference between act of man and human act? Ethics intends to determine whether the action taken by man is moral or immoral in the grounds of morality. Human action or human act should be investigated because it is being considered that not all human actions are considered as human act . An act that is only performed by a human being and is therefore proper to man. When a human being performs such acts, they are referred to as acts of man, but not as human acts.

13. Man’s actions are instinctive, and physiological in nature. man’s acts are shared by man and other animals,   “actions that proceed from insight into one’s doing and purpose” ( Peschke 1985:247)  Actions outside one’s consciousness that are not dependent on the intellect act of man and human act

14. Five main frameworks of ethics Divine command 2. Consequentialism or Utilitarianism 3.Deontological ethics 4 . Virtue ethics 5 . Relativism ethics holds that an act is either moral or immoral solely because God either commands us to do it (“Be Holy as I am Holy”) or prohibits us from doing it (“Do not steal”). ethical theory that determines right from wrong by focusing on outcomes. (Amount of good produced – amount of evil produced = “utility” act) special emphasis on the relationship between duty and the morality of human actions.  Virtue ethics is primarily concerned with traits of character that are essential to human flourishing, not with the enumeration of duties. Theory that holds that morality is relative to the norms of one's culture.

15. Epistemology as philosophical perspective concerns itself with the nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge. Some of the basic questions raised by Epistemology are: how do we know what we know, how do we know what we want to know and do we distinguish true from what is not true.

16. Knowledge, according to this perspective, can be acquired through induction (empiricism) and deduction. Induction is a process of knowledge-forming by investigating particulars (also known as empirical evidences) in order to arrive at general idea. Deductive process employs generally accepted ideas in order to arrive at specific ideas. Advocates of deductive method are called rationalists. Rene Descartes is well-known rationalist

17. Another method used under Epistemology is pragmatism . William James and John Dewey are famous pragmatists. They believe that value in use is the real test of truth and meaning.

18. logic Logic is another branch of Philosophy. Unlike any other philosophical perspectives, logic does not concern itself in what we know regarding certain subjects. Thus, logic does not provide us knowledge of the world directly. It only serves as tool to guide one’s arguments or discourses so as to keep them valid and true.

19. The  term   logic  comes from the Greek word  logos means “word” or “thought”.   The subject matter of logic has been said to be the “laws of  thought ,” “the rules of right reasoning,” “the principles of valid argumentation,” “the use of certain words labelled ‘logical constants’,” 

20. “The study of truths based completely on the meanings of the terms they contain.”

21. Logic is a process for making a conclusion and a tool you can use. The foundation of a logical argument is its  proposition , or statement. The proposition is either accurate (true) or not accurate (false). Premises  are the propositions used to build the argument. The  argument  is then built on premises. Then an  inference  is made from the premises. Finally, a  conclusion  is drawn.

22. Informal Logic Informal logic  is what’s typically used in daily reasoning. This is the reasoning and arguments you make in your personal exchanges with others. EXAMPLE Premises : Nikki saw a black cat on her way to work. At work, Nikki got fired. Conclusion: Black cats are bad luck. Explanation: This is a big generalization and can’t be verified.

23. Formal Logic In  formal logic , you use deductive reasoning and the premises must be true. You follow the premises to reach a formal conclusion.

24. Symbolic Logic Symbolic logic  deals with how symbols relate to each other. It assigns symbols to verbal reasoning in order to be able to check the veracity of the statements through a mathematical process. You typically see this type of logic used in calculus. EXAMPLE Propositions : If all mammals feed their babies milk from the mother (A). If all cats feed their babies mother’s milk (B). All cats are mammals(C). The Ʌ means “and,” and the ⇒ symbol means “implies.” Conclusion: A Ʌ B ⇒ C Explanation: Proposition A and proposition B lead to the conclusion, C. If all mammals feed their babies milk from the mother and all cats feed their babies mother’s milk, it implies all cats are mammals.

25. Mathematical Logic In mathematical logic, you apply formal logic to math. This type of logic is part of the basis for the logic used in computer sciences. Mathematical logic and symbolic logic are often used interchangeably.

26. Types of Reasoning Deductive Reasoning Deductive reasoning  provides complete evidence of the truth of its conclusion. It uses a specific and accurate premise that leads to a specific and accurate conclusion. With correct premises, the conclusion to this type of argument is verifiable and correct. Premises: All squares are rectangles. All rectangles have four sides.  Conclusion: All squares have four sides. Premises: All people are mortal. You are a person.  Conclusion: You are mortal. Premises: All trees have trunks. An oak tree is a tree.  Conclusion: The oak tree has a trunk.

27. Inductive reasoning  is "bottom up," meaning that it takes specific information and makes a broad generalization that is considered probable, allowing for the fact that the conclusion may not be accurate. This type of reasoning usually involves a rule being established based on a series of repeated experiences.

28. EXAMPLE Premises: Red lights prevent accidents. Mike did not have an accident while driving today. Conclusion : Mike must have stopped at a red light.  Explanation: Mike might not have encountered any traffic signals at all. Therefore, he might have been able to avoid accidents even without stopping at a red light.

29. Aristotle was the first philosopher who employed logical method. He claimed that truth exists when there is agreement between knowledge and reality.

30. Reasoning is very important in our everyday lives. Decision making can make or unmake us. Thus the quality of our logical capacity affects our well-being. A person equipped with logic can reason far better than those who are not.

31. Aesthetics as philosophical perspective concerns itself with the notion of beauty. Whenever we created a devise or equipment we consequently aim to improve (or beautify) it after some time. It only goes to show that aesthetics accounts for the criteria of beauty.

32. Aesthetics can be used to explain matters regarding culture and arts. It is in these fields where beauty can best be explained with the use of aesthetical philosophy. Embedded in our culture is our capacity to distinguish beautiful from what is not. Arts as part of our cultural milieu manifests our ideas regarding beauty.

33. SOME PHILOSOPHER IN AESTHETICS PLATO expressed an interest in connecting beauty to proportion, harmony and unity ARISTOTLE focused his universal elements of beauty as order, symmetry and definiteness “ Art completes what nature cannot bring to finish, The artist gives un knowledge of nature’s unrealized ends.” - Aritotle

34. Immanuel Kant (1724-1804) Theory of Aesthetics Kant is an 18 th century German philosopher whose work initiated dramatic changes in philosophy. As an “Enlightenment” thinker, he holds our mental faculty of reason in high esteem. He believes that it is our reason that invests the world we experience with structure. He believes that it is the “faculty of judgment” that enables us to have experience of beauty and grasp those experience as part of an ordered, natured, natural world with purpose.

35. What benefits can students get from aesthetical knowledge? As students, the importance of aesthetics are: it vitalizes our knowledge making the world more useful and alive, it helps us live more deeply and richly for appreciation of work of arts arises, and it keeps us in touch with our culture.

36. Below is a comparative presentation of the branches of philosophy especially made for you in order for easier recall. Branch of Philosophy Perspectives / Focus Proponents / Philosophers Sample Statements A. Metaphysics > accounts for the unreal thing in terms of what accepted as real > discourses focus on the unobservable entities like mind and matter > Plato > All terrestrial objects are made up of matter. > Objects like chair only becomes real when we think of it as it is. B. Ethics > explores the nature of moral value and evaluates human actions > knowledge is not only theoretical nor speculative but also practical > Socrates > Edward Burghardt Du Bois > Equal opportunities for all regardless of gender. > Law making must include ethical considerations C. Epistemology > deals with the nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge > puts forward induction (empiricism) and deduction as methods of acquiring knowledge > Rene Descartes > John Locke > William James > John Dewey > deductive method: If all objects contain water, then human beings have water. > inductive: Any object around us is composed of an element or combination of elements. Therefore, elements are the main composition of anything.

37. D. Logic > serves as tool in making valid arguments > does not directly contribute to knowledge but focuses more on the method how knowledge is created > Aristotle >Zeno of Citium >Cicero E. Aesthetics > deals with the establishment of criteria of beauty >gives importance to culture and arts for they manifest social behavior > Schopenhauer > Hans-Georg Gadamer > A work of art is like a great man. Stand before it. Wait patiently and it will speak.

38. Below are situational cases where each needs particular philosophical perspective in order to understand the issues inherent within each of them. Read each case and think of a particular branch of Philosophy that can appropriately address the issue at hand. Case 1 The resources that supply our daily needs come from the environment. The amount of resources that we demand affects environmental condition . Increasing our demand raises the pressure on environment. Conversely, the condition of environment influences the quality of life that we have. An environment in good condition sustains life. While degraded environment brings forth social problems. What kind of treatment should we accord to the environment that supplies our needs then?

39. Case 2 For some reasons, there has been an increasing incidence of teenage pregnancies. Despite efforts exerted by stockholders of school community in preventing such phenomenon to happen, still it exists. Why do teenagers engage to this kind of issues? Case 3 Most of us are Face Book users. As such, we cannot deny the the fact that some posts or comments seen on it lack validity or reliability . Sometimes, we are fooled to comply to some posts. Sometimes, we are unaware that we believe on some opinions making such ideas become part of our consciousness. The danger of which it reflects the kind of personality that we have. What can you say about this?

40. Case 1 The branch of Philosophy that can best explain case 1 is Ethics. It is understood that environment is the primary provider of our basic needs. The way we treat our environment has a repercussion on the amount and quality of resources we get from it. Therefore, it is an issue of whether our behavior towards our environment is good or not. Case 2 The branch of Philosophy that can best explain case 2 is Metaphysics. One task of Metaphysics is to account for unreal thing in terms of what is real. The phenomenon on teenage pregnancies manifest the behavior of the doer adhering to the practice of one’s freedom . Freedom purports to an idea and becomes impractical with the absence of responsibility.

41. Case 3 The branch of Philosophy that can best explain case 3 is Epistemology. Our knowledge on this perspective enables us to decipher falsehood against valid contents present on social media. Being fooled on some posts and comments manifests the lack of capacity for epistemological philosophy.

42. Philosophical perspectives can be used to analyze some issues happening in the fields of Economics , Religion, Mass Media, Government/Politics, Social Relations, Work Place and many others. It is only up to us which among these philosophical perspective is appropriate to use. Can you list down current issues happening in our country which can be explained using any of the philosophical perspective? Branches of philosophy Issues in the society, environment, ect . Metaphysics Ethics Epistemology Logic Aesthetics

43. 1. We cannot see the underlying matter itself but we can see the things made of that matter. What branch of Philosophy sees things like this? A . Metaphysics B. Aesthetics C . Logic D. Epistemology

44. 2. As a branch of Philosophy logic does not provide us with knowledge directly . Etymologically, it means a treatise on matters pertaining to the human thought. As a branch of Philosophy logic does not provide us with knowledge directly. What then is the role of logic in Philosophy? A. Logic enhances appreciation of arguments. B. Logic is used in some disciplines like mathematics. C. Logic offers opportunities discovering new knowledge. D. Logic serves as tool concerning the validity of our arguments

45. 3. A fundamental and necessary drive in every human being is knowing what is real. Which among the branches of Philosophy accounts for the unreal in terms of what we accept as real? A . Logic B. Aesthetics C. Metaphysics D. Ethics

46. 4. A branch of Philosophy deals with what is right or wrong. Another branch focuses itself with the non-observables. What does epistemology deal with? A . Epistemology deals with the other branches of Philosophy B. Epistemology concerns itself with how to make arguments more valid and essential . C. Epistemology deals with the nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge. D . Epistemology focuses on discovering new knowledge unknown to men

47. 5. Examination of unobservable entities is the focus of metaphysical discourses. Which of the following statements exhibits such character? A . Beautiful designs like arts enhances the way we think. B . If all backboned animals are called vertebrates, then a dog is a vertebrate. C . All objects contain water. D . Exercise of freedom should always be accompanied with responsibility.

48. 6. It is not what we know that logic is interested in. Rather, it concerns itself on the truth and validity of our arguments. Who was the philosopher who devised the first logical method ? A. Socrates B. Plato C. Zeno D. Aristotle

49. 4. A branch of Philosophy deals with what is right or wrong. Another branch focuses itself with the non-observables. What does epistemology deal with? A . Epistemology deals with the other branches of Philosophy B. Epistemology concerns itself with how to make arguments more valid and essential . C. Epistemology deals with the nature, sources, limitations and validity of knowledge. D . Epistemology focuses on discovering new knowledge unknown to men

50. 7. The establishment of criteria of beauty is the function of aesthetics. Which of the following statements shows the importance of aesthetics to us? A . It helps us understand better the nature and origin of knowledge. B . It brings us in touch with our culture and the arts. C . It serves as a tool in unraveling the unknown . D. It enables us to make plausible arguments.

51. 8. Some philosophers believe that general ideas are formed from the examination of particular facts. What method is employed in this kind of generating idea ? A. deduction B . induction C. epistemological D . logical

52. 9. How do we understand the difference between good and evil or right from wrong? This basic question is a concern of what branch of Philosophy? A. Epistemology B . Logic C. Ethics D . Metaphysics

53. 10. Ethics investigates the nature of moral virtue and evaluates human actions in order to arrive at knowledge. Which of the following statements exemplifies the value of ethics in Philosophy ? A. Women are not inferior to men and that both must complement each other . B. All matters are composed of atoms . C. Ideas are forms of thought representing the real objects. D . No man is an island