Introduction to Protoplasm

Proroplasm of cell

1. Protoplasm Group 4 th Biology cell

2. Dewi Anggi Pratiwi Risa Andriani Tari Rezky Ayunda Group members :

3. Definition Chemical Properties of Protopalsm Physical properties Protopalsm Materials

4. Definition What is Protoplasm ? Where is it ?

5. Definition Protoplasm is the living conten ts in a cell that is surrounded by a plasma membrane. Protoplasm Proto = First Plasm = Substance Protoplasm is devied in two form : Liquid  Sol Jelly  Gel *Depends on physiological state Protoplasm is devied in two presence : Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm

6. PROTOPLASM Present between the nucleus and the plasma membrane of a eukaryotic cell Within the cytoplasm of a eukaryotic cell, suspended in cytosol, are a variety of organelles of specialized form and function. Cytoplasm Enveloped by the nuclear membrane or nuclear envelope The nucleoplasm is a highly viscous liquid that surrounds the chromosomes and nucleoli Many substances such as nucleotides and enzymes are dissolved there. The soluble, liquid portion of the nucleoplasm is called the nuclear hyaloplasm . Nucleoplasm

7. PICT OF PROTOPLASM Cytoplasm Nucleoplasm

8. Compounds of cells Protoplasm of Animal cells (in%) Protoplasm of plant cells (in%) Water 60 75,0 O rganic compound 35,7 22,5 P rotein+nuclead acid 17,8 4 Lipida 11,7 0,5 Saccharida 6,2 18 A norganic compound 4,3 2,5 CHEMICAL PROPERTIES

9. WATER The function of water in protoplasm: As solvent elements and other chemical compounds As a transport agent As feedstock hydrolysis reaction In place of chemical reactions in water Chemical Structure

10. CARBOHYDRATE B. Structure : C n H 2n n Function The main energy source Assist in the process of metabolism Assist in the process of calcium arbsosbtion

11. CARBOHYDRATE Carbohydrate Monosaccharide Disaccharides Polysaccharides Simple one Example : Gluchose Fructose Galactose Ribosa Manosa Consist of two monosaccharides Example ; Lactosa Maltosa Sucrosa Consist of more than two disaccharides Example Amilum Selosa

12. Monosaccharide

13. Disaccharides

14. Polysaccharides

15. Protein PROTEIn A. Function

16. Are a type of protein that acts as a catalyst, speeding up chemical reactions ENZIM

17. Protein PROTEIn B. Structure Polypeptide Amino acid

18. Polypeptide Polypeptides Are polymers (chains) of amino acids - A protein Consists of one or more polypeptides

19. Amino Acid - Are organic molecules possessing both carboxyl and amino groups - Differ in their properties due to differing side chains, called R groups

20. Amino Acid Are linked by peptide bonds

21. Lipid Lipids are a diverse group of hydrophobic molecules Lipids Are the one class of large biological molecules that do not consist of polymers Share the common trait of being hydrophobic

22. Fats Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids Vary in the length and number and locations of double bonds they contain

23. Fats Are constructed from two types of smaller molecules, a single glycerol and usually three fatty acids

24. Fats Saturated fatty acids Have the maximum number of hydrogen atoms possible Have no double bonds (a) Saturated fat and fatty acid Stearic acid

25. Fats 25 Unsaturated fatty acids Have one or more double bonds (b) Unsaturated fat and fatty acid cis double bond causes bending Oleic acid

26. Phospholipids Phospholipids Have only two fatty acids Have a phosphate group instead of a third fatty acid

27. Phospholipids Phospholipid structure Consists of a hydrophilic “head” and hydrophobic “tails” CH 2 O P O O O CH 2 CH CH 2 O O C O C O Phosphate Glycerol (a) Structural formula (b) Space-filling model Fatty acids (c) Phospholipid symbol Hydrophobic tails Hydrophilic head Hydrophobic tails – Hydrophilic head CH 2 Choline + N(CH 3 ) 3

28. Phospholipids Hydrophilic head WATER WATER Hydrophobic tail The structure of phospholipids Results in a bilayer arrangement found in cell membranes

29. Steroids Steroids Are lipids characterized by a carbon skeleton consisting of four fused rings One steroid, cholesterol Is found in cell membranes Is a precursor for some hormones HO CH 3 CH 3 H 3 C CH 3 CH 3

30. Nucleic Acid Nucleic acids are composed of nucleotides to form long polynucleotide chains. Each nucleotide is composed of 3 smaller units: 5-carbon sugar ( deoxyribose or ribose). Phosphate group attached to one end of sugar. Nitrogenous base attached to other end of sugar. Nitrogenous base Nucleoside O O O   O P CH 2 5’C 3’C Phosphate group Pentose sugar Figure 5.26 O

31. Nucleic Acid The “backbone” of the nucleic acid is formed by the sugar and phosphate pairs. The “rungs” are formed by paired nitrogenous bases. Nitrogenous bases complementary pair A + T (U) C + G..

32. Nucleic Acid There are two types of nucleic acids Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

33. Nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous base Sugar Polynucleotide Sugar-phosphate backbone DNA nucleotide Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or T) Thymine (T) Sugar (deoxyribose) DNA DNA is a nucleic acid, made of long chains of nucleotides

34. DNA DNA Function Directs RNA synthesis (transcription) Directs protein synthesis through RNA (translation) 1 2 3 Synthesis of mRNA in the nucleus Movement of mRNA into cytoplasm via nuclear pore Synthesis of protein NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM DNA mRNA Ribosome Amino acids Polypeptide mRNA Figure 5.25

35. DNA Pyrimidines Thymine (T) Cytosine (C) Purines Adenine (A) Guanine (G) DNA has four kinds of bases, A, T, C, and G

36. 3’ end Sugar-phosphate backbone Base pair (joined by hydrogen bonding) Old strands Nucleotide about to be added to a new strand A 3’ end 3’ end 5’ end New strands 3’ end 5’ end 5’ end Figure 5.27 DNA Cellular DNA molecules Have two polynucleotides that spiral around an imaginary axis Form a double helix The DNA double helix Consists of two antiparallel nucleotide strands

37. Ribbon model Partial chemical structure Computer model Hydrogen bond DNA Hydrogen bonds between bases hold the strands together: A and T, C and G

38. RNA different sugar U instead of T Single strand, usually Phosphate group Nitrogenous base (A, G, C, or U) Uracil (U) Sugar (ribose)

39. RNA Transcription produces genetic messages in the form of mRNA

40. RNA RNA polymerase DNA of gene Promoter DNA Terminator DNA Initiation Elongation Termination Area shown in Figure 10.9A Growing RNA RNA polymerase Completed RNA In transcription, DNA helix unzips RNA nucleotides line up along one strand of DNA, following the base-pairing rules single-stranded messenger RNA peels away and DNA strands rejoin

41. RNA DNA RNA transcript with cap and tail mRNA Exon Intron Intron Exon Exon Transcription Addition of cap and tail Introns removed Exons spliced together Coding sequence NUCLEUS CYTOPLASM Tail Cap Noncoding segments, introns , are spliced out A cap and a tail are added to the ends Eukaryotic RNA is processed before leaving the nucleus

42. Physical properties Protoplasm consists of various types of elements and organic and inorganic compounds are heterogeneous. The sizes of particles are dissolved in the protoplasm ranged from 0.001 to 0.1 microns, so that it is a colloid solution Organic compounds that make up the matrix (protoplasm liquid) as karbohidarat, proteins and fats in the form of suspension (size greater than 0.1 microns), while ions are smaller than 0.001 microns in the form of a pure solution.

43. Physical properties Brown motion, the motion of the molecules of protoplasm are irregular due to the presence of water molecules.The motion was studied by Robert Brown (1827), an expert on the Scottish nation Botany in a colloidal solution.Brownian motion is usually the case in a colloidal solution and movement depends on the temperature and particle size. Colloidal solution on protoplasm can reflect light when the light comes right direction of the colloidal system, incident light reflection is called the Tyndall effect. Siklosis , the current form of movement that occurs in the protoplasm is in a state of sol. This Siklosis caused by Hydrostatic Pressure, Temperature, pH, viscosity (viscosity), Age of Sel . Ameboid motion, is the movement of protoplasm in the cells (especially animal cell: Amoeba, Protozoa and leukocytes) are caused by changes in the function so that the cytoplasm of elongated condition. Pressure surface, caused by the attraction of the molecules on the surface of the molecules move freely underneath the force in each direction of the same. As a result of the pull of surface molecules become bound resulting voltage is called surface tension .

44. Dea Depend on physiological form : liquid and gel, jelaskan physiological itu seperti apa . Cindy Cytoplasma & Nucleoplasma apakah subtansinya sama ? Mengapa terjadi perbedaan antara sel hewan dan sel tumbuhan ? Bayu Bagaimana mekanisme protoplasma menjaga bentuk sel ? Abigail Mengapa sel dikatakan hidup jika memiliki protoplasma ?