Introduction to Psychology .pptx

This PPT is of the first chapter in Psychology for B.Sc.Nursing students, named "Introduction to Psychology". Contents are according to the INC syllabus 2022-23.
Made by students of Government college of Nursing, Bengaluru.

1. Government college of Nursing Fort, Bengaluru – 560002. Submitted to: Submitted by: Anupama . S Aafiya Banu . K Aashitha . J Abhilash Ajith Gowda. V Anjali. A Anjanamma Ankitha . K Dr. Saraswathi , Clinical Psychologist, Government college of Nursing, Fort, Bengaluru - 560002 Subject: Topic: Psychology Introduction to Psychology

2. Introduction to Psychology Will be in the next: Meaning of Psychology Development of psychology: ⋆ Scope ⋆ Branches ⋆ Methods of Psychology Relationship with other subjects Significance of psychology in nursing Applied psychology to solve everyday issues

3. Before going to what actually psychology is, let us know about the history of it. Psychology is an offspring of subject philosophy. It is derived from a Greek wor d ‘ psychi ’ and ‘ logos ’ ‘ psychi ’ means ‘soul’ ‘logos’ means ‘study of’. ‘Wilhelm Wundt’ in 1879 opened first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany. He is considered as the ‘Father of Psychology’ He was the first psychologist to measure the human behaviour accurately. Wilhelm Maximilian Wundt Meaning of Psychology History of Psychology

4. So what is Psychology ? 🤔 Psychology is the systematic study of human and animal behavior. Meaning of Psychology Evolution of meaning of Psychology Study of ‘soul’ Study of ‘mind’ Study of ‘consious experience’ Study of ‘behavior’

5. Meaning of Psychology It refers to the entire life activities and experiences of all the living organisms. Psychology studies both observable behaviour and mental processes, i.e , Covert and Overt behaviour respectively. What is Behaviour ? Behavior includes: Motor or conative activities - walking, swimming, dancing, etc. Cognitive activities - thinking, reasoning, imagining, etc. Affective activities - feeling happy, sad, angry, etc.

6. Development of Psychology Introduction to Psychology Psychology is a relatively young science with its experimental roots in the 19th century. Anyone interested in exploring issues related to the mind generally did so in a philosophical context prior to the 19th century. Over time, psychology began to shift more towards the scientific study of behaviour. However, as the cognitive revolution took hold, psychology once again began to focus on mental processes as necessary to the understanding of behaviour.

7. Scope of Psychology The field of its operations and applications is too vast. The branches, topics and subject matter with which it deals. It studies, describes and explains the behaviour of living organisms. It describes all types of life activities and and experiences (includes conative, cognitive or affectives , implicit or explicit, conscious, unconscious and subconscious of a living organism). Development of Psychology

8. Development of Psychology It studies not only human behav iour , but also human experience, language and other forms of communication. It studies how individual interact with society and how they behave as members of small and large groups. It employs to all living creatures created by almighty irrespective of their species, caste, colour, age, sex, mental or physical state. Scope of Psychology Continued…

9. It studies normal, abnormal, children, adolescents, youth, adults, old persons, criminals, patients, workers officials, students, teachers, parents, consumers, etc. in the subject of psychology. Development of Psychology Scope of Psychology Continued…

10. Branches of Psychology Development of Psychology Psychology has many branches, fields and sub-fields. For convenience, It may be broadly divided into ‘Pure’ and ‘Applied’ psychology. Pure psychology: Pure psychology provides the framework and theory. It deals with the formulation of psychological principles and theories. It suggests various methods and techniques for the analysis, assessment, modification and improvement of behavior .

11. Development of Psychology Branches of Psychology Applied psychology: The theory generated through Pure psychology finds its practical shape. Ways and means of the applications of psychological rules, principles, theories and techniques with reference to the real practical life situations are discussed. Continued…

12. Development of Psychology Continued… General psychology Educational psychology Abnormal psychology Clinical psychology Social psychology Industrial psychology Physiological psychology Legal psychology Parapsychology Military psychology Geopsychology Political psychology Developmental psychology ------------------ Experimental psychology ------------------ Pure psychology Applied Psychology Branches of Psychology

13. Branches of Psychology Pure psychology General psychology: General psychology deals with the fundamental rules, principles and theories of psychology in relation to the study of behaviour of a normal adult. 2. Abnormal psychology: Abnormal psychology deals with the behaviour of individuals who are unusual. It studies mental disorders, their causes and treatment.

14. Branches of Psychology Pure psychology Continued… 3. Social psychology: Social psychology deals with the group behaviour and interrelationships of people with other people. It studies various types of group phenomena such as public, opinion, attitudes, beliefs and crowd behaviour. 4. Physiological psychology: This branch of psychology describes and explains the biological and physiological basis of behaviour . It concerns the structure and functions of sense organs, nervous system, muscles and glands underlying all behaviour. It emphasizes on the influence of bodily factors on human behaviour.

15. Branches of Psychology Pure psychology Continued… 5. Parapsychology: Parapsychology deals with extra-sensory perceptions, causes of rebirth, telepathy and allied problems. This branch of psychology describes and explains the relation of physical environment particularly weather, climate and soil with behavior . 6. Geopsychology:

16. Branches of Psychology Pure psychology Continued… 7. Developmental psychology: This branch of psychology describes the processes and factors that influence the growth and development in relation to the behaviour of an individual from birth to old age. It is further subdivided into branches like child psychology, adolescent, adult and old age psychology. 8. Experimental psychology: This studies the ways and means of carrying out psychological experiments by using scientific methods. Experimental psychologists do basic research in an effort to discover and understand the fundamental and general causes of behavior. They study basic processes such as learning, memory, sensation, perception and motivation.

17. Branches of Psychology Applied psychology Educational psychology: The branch of applied psychology, which tries to apply the psychological principles, theories and techniques to human behaviour in educational situations. This branch covers psychological ways and means of improving all aspects of the teaching/learning process. It is involved in the increase in efficiency of learning in schools by applying psychological knowledge about learning and motivation.

18. Branches of Psychology Applied psychology 2. Clinical psychology: This is the largest subfield of psychology. This branch of applied psychology describes the causes of mental illness, abnormal behaviour of a patient. It suggests appropriate treatment and effective adjustment of the affected person in society. Treatment methods includes: Cognitive therapy Behavioural therapy Psychological analysis and others Continued…

19. Branches of Psychology Applied psychology 3. Industrial psychology: This branch of applied psychology tries to seek application of the psychological principles, theories and techniques for the study of human behavior in relation to industrial environment. Industrial psychologists apply psychological principles to: They also counsel employees within the organization, who need help with their personal problems. assist public and private organizations with their hiring and placement programs. training and supervision of their personnel. improvement of communication within the organization. Continued…

20. Branches of Psychology Applied psychology Continued… 4. Legal psychology: The branch of applied psychology, which tries to study the behaviour of persons like clients, criminals, witnesses, etc. with the help of applications of psychological principles and techniques. The root cause of crime, offence, dispute or any legal case can be properly understood through the use of this branch of psychology.

21. Branches of Psychology Applied psychology Continued… 5. Military psychology: This branch of psychology is concerned with the use of psychological principles and techniques in military science. How to keep the morale of the soldiers and citizens high during war time. How to secure better recruitment of the personnel for the fighting capacities and organizational climate and leadership, etc. are the various topic that are dealt with in this branch of psychology.

22. Branches of Psychology Applied psychology Continued… 6. Political psychology: This branch of psychology relates itself with the use of psychological principles and techniques in studying politics and deriving political gains.

23. Development of Psychology Special tools and procedures help us in gathering and organizing psychology's subject matter or the essential facts about behaviour. These procedures are termed as Methods, which are used to study human behaviour. The methods are: Methods of Psychology Introspection / Self-observation method Observation method Experimenta l method Survey method Clinical or case history method Genetic or developmental method

24. ✱ This is one of the oldest and fundamental methods of psychology. ✱ Introspection means ‘to look within’ and it is also known as Self-observation method. ✱ This method systematically observes one’s own behaviour and report the same. Since, it is not possible to understand the inner feelings and experiences of other person. Development of Psychology Methods of Psychology Introspection / Self-observation method

25. Data collected cannot be verified. highly subjective and people may not describe the things accurately. not applicable for children or animals or mentally retarded people. Methods of Psychology Introspection / Self-observation method Continued… Disadvantages : Cheap and Economical. gives us direct, immediate and exact knowledge of our own mental processes. enables us to fully understand the behaviour of an individual . easy and doesn’t require any apparatus or laboratory. h elps in development of methods like observation and experimentation. Advantages :

26. Methods of Psychology 2. Observation method : ✱ Objective method of studying the behaviour of individuals. ✱ In this method the observer observes and collects the data. ✱ It consists of, perception of an individual’s behaviour by the other individual’s behaviour, interpretation and analyses of the perceived behaviour. Advantages : Economical, natural and flexible. Data can be analysed, measured, classified and interpreted. Results can be verified and relied. It is quite suitable for observing developmental characteristics like children’s habit and interests.

27. Methods of Psychology 2. Observation method : Disadvantages Continued… Lacks repeatability. Not being able to establish a proper cause and effect relationship. Chances of subjective report and also prejudices of observer may affect . Time , money and energy consuming . Steps in this method : Observation of behaviour Noting of behaviour Interpretation and analysis of behaviour Generalization

28. Methods of Psychology 3. Experimenta l method: ✱ This method is considered as the most scientific and objective method of studying behaviour. ✱ The use of this method as raised psychology to the status of an experimental science like physics, chemistry and physiology. ✱ These studies is used to study the cause and effect relationship regarding the nature of human behaviour. ✱ Psychologist use objective observations under control conditions to observe actions or behaviours of individuals.

29. Methods of Psychology All problems of psychology cannot be studied. Costly and time consuming . Handling of this method demands specialized knowledge and skill. Experiments may harm the subjects and fails to study behaviour in natural conditions. Disadvantages These method is the only means by which cause and effect can be established. It is a scientific method. Experiments can be repeated. It allows the precise control of variables. Advantages 3. Experimenta l method: Continued…

30. 3. Experimenta l method: Continued… Methods of Psychology Steps in this method : Stating the problem. Formulation of hypothesis. To find out independent and dependent variables. Arranging the environment. Analysis of the results. Testing of the hypothesis by the result of experiment.

31. Methods of Psychology 4. Survey method : ✱Problems like study of opinions, attitude, health care needs, etc. can be studied by means of survey method. ✱ This is commonly employed in social psychology. ✱ This method involves collection or gathering of information from a large number of people by using questionnaires, inventories, checklists, rating scales and interviews.

32. Methods of Psychology 4. Survey method : Continued… Cost effective and broad range of data can be collected. Data is collected from a large group at a time. Advantages Disadvantages Respondents may not give honest answers. poor reliability and validity. Behaviour is not observed directly.

33. Methods of Psychology 5. Clinical or Case History method : ✱ This method is used by clinical psychologist, psychiatrist, psychiatric social workers in child guidance clinics or mental hygiene clinics and allied institutions. ✱ This method aims at studying the cause and basis of people’s anxieties, fears and personal maladjustments. ✱ Information is collected from the memory of the individual, his parents, members of his family, friends, teachers and all other available records and reports. ✱ The information includes the past history of the disease, treatment already taken, changes if any like improvement, present condition, probable causes, signs and symptoms etc.

34. Methods of Psychology Advantages Very effective and used in treatment of problematic children . Case studies will give the clinician an insight into the causes of the problem and suggest possible solutions Case studies can be productive sources of ideas for further investigation by other methods. Time consuming . The method depends largely on memory of incidents, which have been observed in accurately or over interpreted. Disadvantages 5. Clinical or Case History method : Continued…

35. Methods of Psychology 6 . Genetic or Developmental method : ✱ This method deals with the development from birth to death, the influence of heredity and environment in the development of the person and conditions favourable and unfavourable for normal and abnormal behaviour. ✱ To understand the learning behaviour of an adult, the study will start from the childhood and adolescence. ✱ This can be done by 2 ways: 1. Cross sectional study: in which, the children of different age groups will be studied simultaneously. 2. Longitudinal study: in which, the same child will be studied in different stages of life.

36. Methods of Psychology 6 . Genetic or Developmental method : Advantages Disadvantages This method is more useful to understand the behaviour from point of view of hereditary and environmental influences. This method is time and energy consuming.

37. Relationship with other subjects Introduction to Psychology 1. Psychology and Sociology 2. Psychology and Political science 3. Psychology and Educational system 4. Psychology and Medical science 5. Psychology and Business, Industry and Economy 6. Psychology and Criminology and Military science 7. Psychology and Philosophy 8. Psychology and Anthropology

38. Relationship with other subjects 1. Psychology and Sociology: Understanding their own behaviour. Co-operation and supporting with their self and others. Enhancing and actualizing their potentialities. About group behaviour, morals, attitude, values, intimacy, detest, conflict, boycott, etc. 2. Psychology and Political science: Psychology as a behavioural science regards politics as one of the important aspect. It studies the political interest, level of participation, leadership qualities, behaviour and relationship. To understand the political complications. To understand the subject matter to political science, individual’s thought and inspiration.

39. Relationship with other subjects 3. Psychology and Educational system: Shaping, learning, designing the education system according to the needs. Motivation and guidance for students. Helping teachers administrators and educational planners to work effectively and efficiently. To know the science of behaviour of patient to achieve better results. Therapeutic measures like behaviour therapy, play therapy, group therapy, psychoanalysis, diagnosis for cure of patients suffering from Mental diseases. 4. Psychology and Medical science:

40. Relationship with other subjects 5. Psychology and Business, Industry and Economy: Knowledge of consumer’s psychology, their needs and harmonious interpersonal relationship in the field of commerce and industry. Lack of proper facility, level of occupation, unemployment may lead to conflicts, frustration and stress which focuses on area of psychology. To explore the actual nature of social problems through the study of economics and psychology.

41. 6. Psychology and Criminology and Military science: Relationship with other subjects Detection of crimes and in dealing with criminals. Selection, training, promotion and classification of defence personnel. Planning, suggestion, fighting the enemy side. Developing patriotism, morality, respect of citizens, confidence and insight. 7. Psychology and Philosophy: Psychology was the branch of philosophy. There are many therapies in psychology based on philosophical background. Example: Roger's client centered therapy

42. Relationship with other subjects 8. Psychology and Anthropology: To some extent the techniques and method of study is similar in both. In making the scientific study of the society including observation, questionnaires, interview, etc. Anthropology studies the direct and indirect impact of social organisation and institutions in the behaviour of an individual which is also included in the study area of psychology.

43. Introduction to Psychology Significance of Psychology in Nursing Understanding the psychology of a patient, a nurse will be able to communicate better with them in term of inquiring about their pain as well as psychological trauma if any. This is because of increasing emphasis being laid out on the interplay of body, mind and spirit on the health status of every individual.

44. Significance of psychology in Nursing The learning of psychology helps a nurse in following ways: To understand her own self. To understand patient. To Recognize abnormal behaviour. To understand other people. To provide quality care to patient. Help patient adjust to the situation. Helps the students nurse to the necessity for changing the environment or surroundings. Help for effective studying. Readjustment.

45. Significance of psychology in Nursing To understand her own self: Help the nurse to get an insight into her own motives, desires, emotions, feelings, attitudes, personal characteristics and ambitions to solve her own problems. Helps her to understand her strengths and weakness. It will develop good personality characteristics to carry on her responsibilities, to perform her duties effectively and efficiently. Enabling her to control situations and attain self-discipline.

46. To understand patient: Significance of psychology in Nursing Help the nurse to understand the problems and needs of patients and attend to them. He/she can understand the motives, attitudes, perception and personality characteristics of patients in a better way. Help the patient to attain quick relief and cure.

47. Significance of psychology in Nursing To recognize abnormal behavior: The knowledge of psychology will jelp nurses to understand abnormal behaviour of patients in a better way . Helps the patient in recognising and managing of mental illness. It provides appropriate guidance to deal with stress, anxiety and other life problems.

48. Significance of psychology in Nursing To understand other people: With the scientific knowledge of human nature, he/she will understand the things better to live with other doctors, patients of their family members. Helps to achieve great success in interpersonal relationship. Able to differentiate his/her likes and dislikes, interests, abilities or in their reaction to others. Helps to realise how difference in behaviour, are due to differences in customs and cultural pattern of the group.

49. To provide quality care to patient: A nurse with good knowledge of human psychology can understand patient inner feeling (like fear/anxiety, patient ’s feelings, behaviours, etc. ,). It helps the nurse to anticipate & meet requirements of the patients and his relatives. Thus, help patients and relatives adjust to the unavoidable circumstances in the best possible way. Significance of psychology in Nursing

50. Significance of psychology in Nursing Help patients adjust to the situation: Illness and physical handicaps often bring about the need for major Adjustments. Many diseases (like heart disease & cancer, etc ) requires special coping skill & health care. A nurse trained in psychology can be an effective health educator and helps in these kinds of adjustment.

51. Helps the students nurse to the necessity for changing the environment or surroundings: Significance of psychology in Nursing Good nursing care depends upon the ability of a nurse to understand the situations properly and also obtaining the cooperation of other people concerned. The change of environment is sometime necessary for better adjustment and happiness.

52. Significance of psychology in Nursing Help for Effective Studying: A Nurse has to learn many new things during her training. He/She has to obtain the correct knowledge of various facts, disease conditions and their treatment. The study of psychology of learning will help the nurse acquire knowledge in an effective way.

53. Significance of psychology in Nursing Readjustment: Every profession & carrier requires readjustment. A nurse needs to make the following adjustment for achieving success in his/ her carrier: Overcoming homesickness and self-reliance is needed if he/she has to live smoothly in a hostel or a hospital. Adjusting to sick persons, who may cry or be desperate or even ventilate their anger by making the nurse a target of their abuses and cures. Trying to work and study together.

54. Introduction to Psychology Applied psychology to solve everyday issues It addresses problems and develop practical solutions to some of the toughest challenges facing society today. History of applied psychology: The founder of Applied psychology was "Hugo Münsterberg ". His research Book - "On the witness stand". He was one of the first people to explain and apply psychology to education, industrial efficiency, businesses & teaching International Association of Applied Psychology (IAAP) was the first International scholarly society within the psychology field.

55. Applied psychology to solve everyday issues Areas of Applied psychology Clinical psychology Counselling psychology Evolutionary psychology Industrial and organizational psychology Legal psychology Neuropsychology Occupational health psychology Human factors forensic psychology Engineering psychology School psychology, sports psychology Community psychology Medical psychology

56. Applied psychology to solve everyday issues Values of Applied psychology: Efficiency Objectivity Relationship Empathy Healthy mentality Open mindedness Applying psychology in everyday life: Improving communication skills Building relationships Enriching careers Instincts self-confidence Gaining insight into peoples behaviour

57. Applied psychology to solve everyday issues Applying psychology in everyday life: Continued… Becoming a better communicator Learning to better understand others Make more accurate decisions Become more productive Uses of Applied psychology: It has been used in teaching psychology, because it's focus is on scientific findings and how it can be used to transfer that behaviour . Many people who use applied psychology work in the fields of teaching industrial clinical and consulting work areas.

58. Uses of Applied psychology: Applied psychology to solve everyday issues It helps to promote “Green” behaviour, that is sustainable development and behaviour modification. It is applied on the world scale with the aim of population control. (example: using advertisements ). It combines family planning messages with representations of female education and literacy. Continued…

59. Applied psychology to solve everyday issues What is Ethics? Ethics is knowing the difference between what you have a right to do and what is right to do.

60. Thank you for your attention.