Introduction to psychology.pptx new version

Introduction to psychology.pptx new version

1. INTRODUCTION TO PSYCHOLOGY Nature and Foundations of Psychology

2. Psychology was not a separate discipline rather it was studied under Philosophy. Some of the contributors to psychology were as follows: Wilhelm Wundt in 1879 opened the first experimental laboratory in psychology at the University of Leipzig, Germany. He is considered as the father of psychology.  American Psychological Association (APA) was established in 1892 and the founder was G. Stanley Hall.  In 1896 John Dewey and William James supported the functionalism in Psychology. HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY (1870)

3. SIGMUND FREUD ( 1896) Sigmund Freud developed the theory of psychoanalysis. On the basis of this therapy later on he developed the therapy of free association and dream analysis.  In 1905 IQ test developed by Alfred Binet and Thiodore Simon. In 1913 John B. Watson supported the behavioral aspects of psychology.  In 1921 Swiss psychiatrist Hermann Rorschach devised a personality test based on patients' interpretations of inkblots which is named as Rorschach ink blot test HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

4. The first Nobel Prize for psychological research was given to Charles Frederick Menninger.  In 1921, Ivan Pavlov developed the theory of classical conditioning through the experimental approach  In 1935 Gestalt Psychology came into existence  B.F. Skinner proposed the theory of Operant conditioning HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

5. The first Nobel Prize for psychological research was given to Charles Frederick Menninger.  In 1921, Ivan Pavlov developed the theory of classical conditioning through the experimental approach  In 1935 Gestalt Psychology came into existence  B.F. Skinner proposed the theory of Operant conditioning HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY HISTORY OF PSYCHOLOGY

6. “a science is the body of systematized knowledge that is gathered carefully observing and measuring events.” Like any other science Psychology is also based on the observations and experiments which others can repeat and verify. Psychology concerns with the observation and explanations of human behavior in single individuals or in groups. “a science deals with a group of related facts and principles of particular subject” Psychology as a science deals with the motives, feelings, emotions, thoughts action of men and women ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

7. like a science, psychology discovers and explains the underlying laws and principles of human behavior. Psychology describes the laws of learning, feelings, and thinking. Like any other science, psychology collects the subject matter or facts of behavior. Psychology is a positive science not the normative as it describes the facts of human behavior and its laws as they are not as they ought to be. Wundt was the first psychologist to measure human behavior accurately. Sigmund Freud, Maslow, Rogers, Watson, Pavlov, and Thichener were all important in the development of Psychology as science. ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY ORIGIN OF SCIENCE OF PSYCHOLOGY

8. "Psychology" comes from the Greek word psyche meaning "breath, spirit, soul", and the Greek word logia meaning the study of something. Thus we can conclude that psychology is the study of the soul. There are various definitions for psychology given by a variety of authors which are- “study of the mind” “descriptions and explanations of the state of consciousness” “William James” * “study of consciousness” …. “Wilhelm Wundt ” * “Positive science of the conduct of the living creature” “William McDougall” * “Psychology is the science which aims to give us better understanding and control of the behavior of the organism as a whole” “William McDougall” PSYCHOLOGY

9. Psychology is the Scientific study Human behavior and Mental Processes. The discipline embraces all aspects of the human experience — from the functions of the brain to the actions of nations, from child development to care for the aged. In every conceivable setting from scientific research centers to mental healthcare services, "the understanding of behavior" is the enterprise of psychologists. PSYCHOLOGY

10. Describe Explain Predict Control Improve GOALS OF PSYCHOLOGY

11. Psychology today covers an enormous range of scopes or fields. They can be broadly classified into two groups-  Basic psychology  Applied psychology SCOPE OF PSYCHOLOGY PSYCHOLOGY

12. It is aimed at contributing to knowledge of behavior. Colleges, universities, laboratories, and departments are the main employment settings for basic psychology. Basic psychology has the following subfields:- 1. Developmental psychology 2. Social psychology 3. Physiological psychology 4. Abnormal psychology 5. Experimental psychology 6. Psychometrics 7. Cognitive psychology 8. Personality psychology BASIC PSYCHOLOGY

13. It studies human development, physical, emotional, social, moral emotional, and personality development across the life span  Developmental psychology primarily focuses on child development.  But today devotes a great deal of research to adolescence, adult and old age group DEVELOPMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

14. It deals with interpersonal behavior and the role of social forces in governing behavior.  It primarily focuses on attitude formation, attitude change, prejudice, leadership, conformity, attraction, aggression, intimate relationships, and behavior in groups. SOCIAL PSYCHOLOGY

15. It examines the influence of genetic factors on behavior.  It also deals with the brain, nervous system, endocrine system and bodily chemicals like the neurotransmitters in the regulation of behavior. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHOLOGY

16. It is also known as psychopathology.  It studies the models, causes, classification, diagnosis and the treatment of individuals with psychological disorders. ABNORMAL PSYCHOLOGY

17. Experimental psychologists restricts themselves chiefly to laboratory research on basic psychological processes, including perception, learning memory, thinking, motivation and emotions. EXPERIMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

18. It is concerned with the measurements of behavior and capacities usually through the development of psychological tests.  Psychometrics is involved with the design of tests to assess personality, intelligence, and a wide range of abilities.  It is also involved with the development of new techniques for statistical analysis PSYCHOMETRICS IN PSYCHOLOGY

19. Focuses on higher mental processes such as memory, thinking, reasoning, information processing, language, problem solving, decision making, creativity and artificial intelligence. COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

20. It describes and explains the individual consistency in behavior which represents their personality. The area of interest is also concerned with the factors that determine personality and personality assessment. PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY

21. U ses the various fields of basic psychology to improve the quality of life of human beings in various fields like school, industry, hospital, consultancy, and community. Applied psychology has the following subfields- 1. Clinical psychology 2. Counseling psychology 3. Organizational psychology 4. Educational psychology 5. Health psychology 6. Environmental psychology 7. Forensic psychology 8. Sports and exercise psychology 9. Psychology of woman APPLIED PSYCHOLOGY

22. It deals with the evaluation, diagnosis, and treatment of individual psychological disorders.  Principal activities include interviewing the client, psychological testing, and providing group or individual psychotherapy.  CLINICAL PSYCHOLOGY

23. It usually works with somewhat different clients, providing assistance to people struggling with everyday problems of moderate severity. Thus they often engage in family, marital and career counseling COUNSELING PSYCHOLOGY

24. It is an outgrowth of industrial psychology and is also known as organizational behavior. It tries to study and solve the different organizational problems exist in the schools, hospitals, universities, military, companies etc.  Here it tries to solve the problems of leadership, group conflicts, conflicts, different levels of the organization, organization culture, organization development etc. INDUSTRIAL ORGANIZATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

25. Educational psychology is mainly devoted to an understanding of the different aspects of the teaching-learning process.  It is concerned with the application of the principles, techniques and methods of psychology to the teaching-learning process. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

26. Health psychology is the field that studies the role of psychological factors in the promotion of health and the prevention of illness.  It is interested in the relationship between stress and illness.  It describes the interaction of biological, psychological, and social factors.  This model is known as Biopsychosocial model. EDUCATIONAL PSYCHOLOGY

27. Environmental psychologists work in school, industrial and governmental settings.  They design work environments and study the effects of crowding, noise and air pollution on behavior ENVIRONMENTAL PSYCHOLOGY

28. applies psychology to the legal system.  They include jury deliberation process and the best ways to select jurors.  Some forensic psychologists train police to handle domestic disputes, negotiates, negotiate with hostage takers FORENSIC PSYCHOLOGY

29. This field applies psychology to athletic activities and exercise  It considers the role of motivation, the social aspects of sports and physiological impact of training on muscle development. SPORTS & EXCERCISE PSYCHOLOGY

30. uses for gathering information or facts or data are-  Introspection  Descriptive research  Experimental method  Developmental method METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY

31. Introspection means looking into oneself or self-observations or self-analysis.  It involves carefully examining and reporting one’s own behavior, thoughts, emotions, sensations, and mental notes.  In the method of introspection, one relies on his memory, and draws on his past experiences of analysis his current behavior. METHODS OF PSYCHOLOGY

32. It is very helpful in self-observations without depending on time.  It does not require any device  It is the only method by which of the experiences can be known INTROSPECTION

33. They can not be verified objectively  They cannot be confirmed by others  Repeatability is not confirmed  Provide little or no information about the experiences of infants, mentally ill person or animals. INTROSPECTION

34. Descriptive research includes the following methods- Naturalistic observation  Case study  survey DESCRIPTIVE RESEARCH

35. “making observations into the natural world” o Subjects individuals and animals are observed in their natural world. o The observer remains unobtrusive Naturalistic observation is also used in studying animal behavior in the natural environment and it is called Ethology. NATURALISTIC OBSERVATION

36. “studying individual in-depth” One individual is examined intensively to find out as much as possible about a certain problem or issue as it relates to that person. It is most often used to investigate abnormal behavior. Biographical data, scores on psychological tests, and information obtained in extensive interviews are the measures of the case study or case history methods. Overgeneralization and nonobjectivity are the limitations of the case study methods. CASE STUDY

37. “asking for responses to interview or questionnaire” It collects information about behavior, opinions, attitudes, life experiences, or personal characteristics. Surveys are commonly in the form of interviews or questionnaires. The Questions in the survey should be clearly worded and free from bias Due to financial constraints researcher administered the survey to a sample of people who represent the target population. The sample for the population should be representative of the entire population. It is best achieved in terms of random sampling CASE STUDY

38. “establishing cause and effect relationship”  Cause-effect relationship can be established by experimental method.  In laboratory, the researcher controls the condition and measures the relations among variables.  A variable is something that can occur with different value.  Independent variable  Dependent variable EXPERIMENTAL METHOD

39. “observing the period of growth”  Used in the field of developmental psychology  Physical, social, moral, language, and emotions are observed in the children  Developmental method uses the following techniques- Normative investigations Longitudinal study Cross-sectional stud y DEVELOPMENTAL METHOD

40. Normative investigation It describes something that is characteristic of a specific age These observation provides norms. Example of normative investigation is the Bayley scale of infant development. DEVELOPMENTAL METHOD

41. Longitudinal study In this study changes in the same individual or group are studied over a long period. In it, researchers observe for changes in specific characteristics such as language, personality, or intelligence. DEVELOPMENTAL METHOD

42. Psychology also contributes to many therapeutic measures like- behavior therapy, play therapy, psychoanalysis, etc.  Psychology helps to understand the concept of self-awareness, and self-esteem.  It describes the coping abilities, and defense mechanisms used by the clients and their relevance to diseased conditions. PSYCHOTHERAPY

43. Psychology also contributes to many therapeutic measures like- behavior therapy, play therapy, psychoanalysis, etc.  Psychology helps to understand the concept of self-awareness, and self-esteem.  It describes the coping abilities, and defense mechanisms used by the clients and their relevance to diseased conditions. PSYCHOTHERAPY

44.  Structuralism is widely regarded as the first school of thought in psychology.  This outlook focused on breaking down mental processes into the most basic components.  Major thinkers associated with structuralism include Wilhelm Wundt and Edward Titchener.  The focus of structuralism was on reducing mental processes down to their most basic elements.  The structuralists used techniques such as introspection to analyze the inner processes of the human mind. STRUCTURALISM

45. as a reaction to the theories of the structuralist school of thought and was heavily influenced by the work of William James.  It functioned on the mind's functions and adaptations. Unlike some of the other well-known schools of thought in psychology, functionalism is not associated with a single dominant theorist.  Instead, there are some different functionalist thinkers associated with this outlook including John Dewey, James Rowland Angell, FUNCTIONALISM

46. Behaviorism became a dominant school of thought during the 1950s. It was based upon the work of thinkers such as: John B. Watson  Ivan Pavlov  B. F. Skinner BEHAVIORISM

47. all behavior can be explained by environmental causes rather than by internal forces. Behaviorism is focused on observable behavior. Theories of learning including classical conditioning and operant conditioning were the focus of a great deal of research.  The behavioral school of psychology had a significant influence on the course of psychology, and many of the ideas and techniques that emerged from this school of thought are still widely used today. BEHAVIORISM

48. Psychoanalysis is a school of psychology founded by Sigmund Freud. This school of thought emphasized the influence of the unconscious mind on behavior.  Freud believed that the human mind was composed of three elements: the id, ego, and superego. The id consists of primal urges while the ego is the component of personality charged with dealing with reality. The superego is the part of the personality that holds all of the ideals and values we internalize from our parents and culture. Freud believed that the interaction of these three elements was what led to all of the complex human behaviors.  Freud's school of thought was enormously influential but also generated considerable debate. This controversy existed not only in his time but also in modern discussions of Freud's theories. PSYCHOANALYSIS

49. Humanistic psychology developed as a response to psychoanalysis and behaviorism. Humanistic psychology instead focused on individual free will, personal growth and the concept of self-actualization. While early schools of thought were primarily centered on abnormal human behavior, humanistic psychology differed considerably in its emphasis on helping people achieve and fulfill their potential. Major humanist thinkers include:  Abraham Maslow  Carl Rogers Humanistic psychology remains quite popular today and has had a significant influence on other areas of psychology including positive psychology. This particular branch of psychology is centered on helping people living happier, more fulfilling lives. HUMANISTIC PSYCHOLOGY

50. Cognitive psychology is the school of psychology that studies mental processes including how people think, perceive, remember and learn. As part of the larger field of cognitive science, this branch of psychology is related to other disciplines including neuroscience, philosophy, and linguistic COGNITIVE PSYCHOLOGY

51. Gestalt psychology was born in Germany and it was forwarded by Max Wertheimer. Gestalt psychologists emphasized the importance of the role of configuration or organization in the perceptual field and highlight the role of insight and understanding in learning. The fundamental tenants of these schools are follows The first principle of Gestalt psychology is that it is the whole which determines the behavior of its parts. An individual perceives the thing as whole not as mere collections of its constituents or elements. A learning situation is more than the elements of which it part is composed. GESTALT PSYCHOLOGY

52. have faded into obscurity, each has had an influence on the course of psychology's development. Some more recent schools of psychology, including behaviorism and cognitive psychology, remain highly influential.  Today, many psychologists do not align themselves solely with a single school of thought. Instead, they may take a more eclectic approach, drawing upon many different perspectives and theoretical backgrounds. SCHOOL OF THOUGHTS