Introduction to renewable energy power plants.pptx

Renewable resources are natural resources that are naturally replenished faster than they are consumed, providing a sustainable and inexhaustible supply for humans. Key examples include solar energy, wind, water, geothermal heat, and biomass. These resources offer significant environmental benefits by producing significantly less pollution and greenhouse gases than non-renewable sources like fossil fuels, making them crucial for combating climate change. However, careful management is needed to prevent overexploitation of certain renewable resources, such as forests and fish stocks. A renewable resource is a resource that can be replenished naturally over time. As a result, it is sustainable despite its consumption by humankind. Renewable resources for the production of energy are considered especially important for their potential to replace nonrenewable, or finite, resources.
Forms of Energy
Most common Forms of Energy used in any application
Heat Energy: Used directly or indirectly for any application, directly for heating purpose, indirectly to convert heat energy into other forms like Mechanical energy.
Mechanical energy: A derived energy produced from other forms of energy like heat energy, Kinetic energy, Potential energy etc.
Electrical Energy: A derived energy produce from Mechanical Energy(Turbo-Electric-Generators), from Light energy(Solar PVC),
Renewable Energy And Non-
Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy : It can be defined as Energy which is replenishable, Inexhaustive. It is derived from sources which are eternal or everlasting.
Example: Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy, Ocean thermal Energy, Hydro power, Biomass, Geothermal energy etc.

Non-Renewable Energy : It can define as that energy which is Exhaustible in Nature and one day it is going to be extinct.
Example: Coal, Natural gas, Petroleum products, Nuclear energy etc.
Some of the salient features of Renewable energy
Cost competitiveness: With Advancements in technology renewable energy can be made increasingly cost-effective, making it a viable option for many regions

Reduced greenhouse gas Emissions: Switching to renewable energy significantly cuts carbon emissions, helping to combat climate change. 

Energy security: Reliance on domestic renewable sources can enhance energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports. 

Economic opportunities: The development and deployment of renewable energy technologies create new jobs and economic growth.
Renewable Energy And Non-Renewable Energy
Renewable Energy : It can be defined as Energy which is replenishable, Inexhaustive. It is derived from sources which are eternal or everlasting.
Example: Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy, Ocean thermal Energy, Hydro power, Biomass, Geothermal energy etc.

Non-Renewable Energy : It can define as that energy which is Exhaustible in Nature and one day it is going to be extinct.
Example: Coal, Natural gas, Petroleum products, Nuclear energy etc.
Some of the salient f

1. Introduction To Renewable Energy Forms of Energy Most common Forms of Energy used in any application Heat Energy : Used directly or indirectly for any application, directly for heating purpose, indirectly to convert heat energy into other forms like Mechanical energy. Mechanical energy: A derived energy produced from other forms of energy like heat energy, Kinetic energy, Potential energy etc. Electrical Energy: A derived energy produce from Mechanical Energy(Turbo-Electric-Generators), from Light energy(Solar PVC),

2. Introduction To Renewable Energy Syllabus

3. Introduction To Renewable Energy

4. Introduction To Renewable Energy

5. Introduction To Renewable Energy Renewable Energy And Non-Renewable Energy Renewable Energy : It can be defined as Energy which is replenishable, Inexhaustive. It is derived from sources which are eternal or everlasting. Example: Solar energy, Wind energy, Tidal energy, Ocean thermal Energy, Hydro power, Biomass, Geothermal energy etc. Non-Renewable Energy : It can define as that energy which is Exhaustible in Nature and one day it is going to be extinct. Example: Coal, Natural gas, Petroleum products, Nuclear energy etc.

6. Introduction To Renewable Energy Comparison Of Renewable & Non-Renewable Energy Sources Particulars Renewable Energy Non-Renewable Energy Quantity Of Energy Available Infinite and Sustainable Finite and will exhaust one day. Place And time of availability Not available at all Places and all the time Energy sources can be stored and made available at any place at any time. Pollution to the environment Non-Polluting or Zero pollution, since no combustion of fuel is involved. it is also called as Green Energy, and clean energy. Highly Polluting, since most of the time the energy resources undergo combustion. Cost of Energy Energy is available at free of cost , the only cost involved is the fixed cost and Maintenance cost on the equipment's used. In these type of energy resources, a certain running cost needs to be spent of utilization of energy resources. Infra structure As of Now the technology and the devices used are costlier, the technologies used need to be improved and made cost effective. Since the technology used in energy conversion is old, hence much advancements in this area has led to increase in efficiency and decrease in cost. Efficiency Of energy conversion Low to very Low Comparatively Higer due to advancement in Energy conversion technologies

7. Introduction To Renewable Energy Some of the salient features of Renewable energy Cost competitiveness: With Advancements in technology renewable energy can be made increasingly cost-effective, making it a viable option for many regions Reduced greenhouse gas E missions:  Switching to renewable energy significantly cuts carbon emissions, helping to combat climate change.  Energy security:  Reliance on domestic renewable sources can enhance energy security by reducing dependence on fossil fuel imports.  Economic opportunities:  The development and deployment of renewable energy technologies create new jobs and economic growth. 

8. Introduction To Renewable Energy Some of the salient features of Renewable energy Challenges to renewable energy adoption Grid integration: Integrating variable renewable sources like solar and wind into the grid can be complex and requires grid upgrades.  Storage limitations: Effective energy storage solutions are needed to address the intermittent nature of renewable sources.  Policy and regulatory frameworks: Supportive policies and regulations are essential to incentivize investments in renewable energy. 

9. Introduction To Renewable Energy Need for Renewable Energy? Increasing demand of Elerticity Due to population growth, economic development, and increased electrification across sectors like transportation, industry, domestic has led to steady increase in  Global energy demand. High dependency on Fossil fuel: Heavy dependence on fossil fuels because of ease in usage, has led to increase in high Carbon emissions a cause for global warming, Air & water pollution. Global demand in Electricity consumption:

10. Introduction To Renewable Energy Overview Of Global Energy demand And need for renewable energy According to International agency report (World Energy Out Look 2024) The total Electricity demand global would some where around 30,700 Tera Watt-Hour Consumption and Availability of Fossil fuels Major fossil fuels include Coal Crude oil (Diesel, Petrol, LPG etc.) Natural Gases Coal : Coal since ages is the chief source of fuel for the simple reason that it is very economical to harness energy from it. Though it is one of the major cause for pollution, still it is being majorly used as the fuel source in developing as well as Non developed countries.

11. Introduction To Renewable Energy Percentage of various resources used in power generation

12. Introduction To Renewable Energy Overview Of Global Energy demand And need for renewable energy Table: world energy production from various sources Above table list the energy production from various sources (Energy Institute Statistical Review of world energy 2024) World Category Consumption exajoule (1 exajoule=10 Joules) Coal 164 Hydro Electric 40 Natural Gas 144 Nuclear Energy 25 Oil 196 Other Renewables 51 16

13. Introduction To Renewable Energy Overview Of Global Energy demand And need for renewable energy (Energy Institute Statistical Review of world energy 2024)

14. Introduction To Renewable Energy Overview Of Global Energy demand And need for renewable energy According to International agency report (World Energy Out Look 2024) The total Electricity demand global would some where around 30,700 Tera Watt-Hour Over the next three years, global electricity consumption is forecast to rise by an unprecedented 3500 TWh(IEA report 2025). Forecast for energy production from fossil fuels Coal: Production  Global coal production is expected to exceed 9 billion tonnes ( Bt ) for the first time. China, India, and Indonesia are the three largest producers. India is expected to see a more than 7% increase in output. Demand   Global coal demand is expected to reach 8.77 Bt , an all-time high. Coal demand in India is expected to grow by over 5% to 1.3 Bt. Coal demand in the European Union and the United States is expected to decline, but at a slower pace.

15. Introduction To Renewable Energy Overview Of Global Energy demand And need for renewable energy Consumption and Availability of Fossil fuels Courtesy Best Diplomats

16. Introduction To Renewable Energy Global Coal Consumption 2000-2025

17. Introduction To Renewable Energy How Long will Coal last ? According to the World Coal Association, there are an estimated 1.1 trillion tones of coal reserves across the world. At our current rates of production and consumption, there is enough coal to last  us 150 years . By around 2168(IEA report), coal will be no more. According to another estimate coal will last for another 130 to 140 years. As for as India is concerned as per the ministry of coal dated 01-04-2023, coal deposits are estimated at 357 billion tones and annual Imports are estimated at 168.13 million tons in 2024-25, according to coal ministry India has stocks to last for another 50 years. Petroleum oil :

18. Introduction To Renewable Energy Petroleum oil : According an estimate (Statista-2023) the Global proven oil reserves were 1.57 trillion barrels and the annual oil consumption is 104 barrels per day, which means the time period for which the oil will be available is for about 50 years.

19. Introduction To Renewable Energy Natural gas: Compressed Natural gas (CNG) an another fossil fuel used in Automotives, Domestic and Industrial Applications is another chief source of energy. According to an estimate (2023) the natural gas reserves are said to be at 207,557 billion cubic meter, which has a lasting period of 52 to 55 years. Thus from discussions one can easily say that the Fossil fuels how ever judiciously may be available in feature. Then the sources would be renewable energy sources . Global warming and Pollution : The second factor which has forced to switch over to Renewable energy sources is the Global warming caused by green house gasses(CO 2 , CH 4 , N 2 O). It is estimated that by 2024 37.4 billion tons of CO2 would have accumulated at earths atmosphere thus causing global warming. CH4 a highly potent gas is estimated to about 16 to 11 PPb(parts Per Billion parts of air). N2O again a potent gas which has the ability to destroy Ozone layer.

20. Solar Radiations Extra Terrestrial Radiations : E xtraterrestrial radiation refers to the incoming solar radiation to a horizontal surface above the Earth's atmosphere, which is influenced by factors such as latitude, season, and time of day. It is essential for calculating the net radiation on a planet surface. Terrestrial Radiation :  The solar radiation received by the earth is in short wave forms and it heats up its surface . The earth acts as a radiating body and radiates energy in the form of long waves to the atmosphere

21. Solar Radiations Spectral distribution of extra-terrestrial radiations:

22. Solar Radiations Spectral distribution of extra-terrestrial radiations:

23. Solar Radiations Spectral Distribution of Extra-terrestrial radiation The spectral distribution of extraterrestrial radiation shows how much energy is present for each wavelength of light. The distribution varies depending on the distance between the Earth and the sun, and the level of solar activity. The spectral distribution of extraterrestrial radiation has a sharp rise with wavelength, reaching a maximum value and then decreasing asymptotically to zero  The visible part of the spectrum (390–760 nm) contains a large portion of the energy  The spectrum deviates from the smooth Planck spectral curve, especially at wavelengths below 800 nm The spectrum exhibits lines due to selective emission and absorption in the sun

24. Solar Radiations Extra Terrestrial Radiations Sandia National laboratories U S A

25. Solar Radiations Solar Radiations reaching the earths surface can be classified into as The solar radiation that passes through directly to the earth’s surface is called Direct Normal Irradiance (DNI) or simply Beam radiations. ( I b ) The radiation that has been scattered out of the direct beam is called Diffuse Horizontal Irradiance (DHI).  ( I d ) or reflected beams The sum of the above is called as global radiations ( Ig ) Ig = I b Cos θ +I d --------------- watts/meter 2 . Where θ Is the angle between the Normal to a horizontal surface and direction of beam radiation θ BEAM RADIATION Horizontal surface Normal

26. Solar Radiations Pyrohelio meter The pyrheliometer is one type of instrument, used to measure the direct beam of solar radiation. It is responsive to wavelengths bands that range from 280 nm to 3000 nm. The units of irradiance are W/m². Construction & working Principle: A Pyrheliometer consists of a hollow cylindrical tube of diameter 38mm and length of 320mm, it is painted black from inside to absorb any radiations that may be deflected towards black plate meant for absorbing beam radiation. A black Plate at the bottom to absorb & measure beam radiation. A thermopile is placed such that the hot junctions are connected to the black plate while the cold junction to the sink or atmosphere resulting in Seebek-effect The resultant voltage measured is calibrated in terms of beam irradiance(W/m² ) A tracking mechanism helps in tracking the sun to catch beam radiations. An alignment indicator helps in aligning the instrument such that the axis of the instrument is in line with beam radiations.

27. Solar Radiations Pyronometer: Pyronometer is a device used to measure Diffuse radiations & global radiations. Construction & working : A Pyronometer consists of black plate to absorb global radiations. The plate is connected with the hot junction of a Thermopile. The cold junction is left to sink. The Thermopile is connected with a volt meter to measure the voltage . The entire assembly is covered with a double walled highly transparent glass dome to prevent any heat loss from the black plate to atmospheric air due to convection. As the radiations fall on the black plate it absorbs entire radiations resulting in increase in its temperature, a temperature difference between the hot and cold junction of thermopile results in generation of an emf, which is calibrated in terms of solar irradiance (W/m²) The shaded Dome or ring is of Alluminium 50mm broad, and is bent to a radius of 450mm. The inner surface of the ring is painted black, while the rest of the shading ring arrangement is painted dull black matt white.

28. Solar Radiations Sunshine Recorder A sunshine recorder is a device that measures how long the sun shines at a specific location. It's also known as a heliograph.  Construction : It consists of a Glass sphere suspended on two supports as shown in figure . Below the sphere lies a Metallic bowl graduated in units of length. Above the surface of the metallic bowl a paper is pasted. Working: As the sunshine starts from east the sunrays fall on the glass sphere since the sphere is shaped as converging lens it converges the sun rays and concentrates at one particular point, on the paper pasted on the bowl this heats and burns the paper at the point, as the sun travels from east to west it traces a line in the form of a burnt line on the paper, thus by measuring the length of the line one can interpret it for how long sunshine was available. In case if the sunshine was absent for a particular duration due to cloud cover a part of the line remains burnt, thus by deducting that much length one can calculate the sunshine hours.

29. Solar Power Plants Solar Thermal Conversion : Solar Energy can be used for direct heating applications eg; Solar cookers, Solar dryers Solar Energy can be stores either in the form of sensible heat eg; solar water heaters & Solar Ponds. Solar Energy can be stored in the form of latent heat eg; Phase changing materials as matrix to store latent heat. Solar energy can be converted to electrical energy using Photo Voltaic cells, further the electrical energy can be stored in the batteries. Plants use solar energy to prepare food for them selves (Photosynthesis), later the plant waste can be used as source of energy, the herbivores animals eat the plants and the animal waste like cow dung can be used a source to produce gaseous fuel like methane. Thus, from above examples we can say that Solar energy can be used directly are converted into other forms of energy to be used later.

30. Solar Power Plants Solar Pond The concept of a solar pond is derived from the observation that in some naturally occurring lakes, a significant temperature rise (dt) of about 40 to 50 degree. This is because there is a natural salt concentration gradient in these lakes, the water at the bottom has higher salt concentration compared to water at the surface, as the sun rays fall on the pond water it heats the water, the water at the depths having high salt concentration absorbs more heat than the water at the surface thus, making it hotter compared to water at the surface. As the pond is well Insulated on its surrounding walls by the soil it prevents circumferential heat losses through convection. If at all any heat loss must happen it is only through the top free liquid surface i.e., the heat from the bottom of the pond must travel to the top through conduction, but this process takes a very long time & moreover the intermediate layer prevents any movement of top water which is cold & non concentered to bottom and the bottom concentrated hot water to the top thus preventing any kind of mixing of both waters and hence preventing heat losses.

31. Solar Power Plants Solar Pond:

32. Solar Radiations Solar Ponds Application for electric power generation

33. Solar applications Solar Energy Solar Collectors Flat Plate collectors A simple Flat plate collector consist of a metal housing or a rectangular tray made of any metal, inside the tray is an array of tubes made of any metal preferably copper, the tubes are fixed on to a absorber plate which is generally a metal, colored black having capacity to absorb maximum heat and transfer the same heat to the tubes, inside these tubes is water flowing from header tank consisting of cold water to hot water tank. which absorbs the heat from the heated pipes, the tray is covered by a glass cover (single or Double walled) to prevent any loses of heat from the pipes by way of convection to the atmospheric air. this way cold water can be converted to hot water through FPC’s

34. Solar applications Application for electric power generation Solar Energy Solar Collectors Flat Plate collectors with Evacuated glass tubes

35. Solar Power Plants SOLAR LATENT HEAT STORAGE SYSTEM It mainly consists of a tank consisting of Phase changing materials(PCM), in which the latent Heat of sublimation can be stored, it can be done continuously organic material like paraffin wax in which during charging process the solid PCM is melt by using heat from solar energy, the same heat Can be again removed by heat be done continuously organic low boiling fluids in turn the PCM freezes to solid state this process is called discharging thus this process of charging and discharging can be done continuously for n number of cycles. The process can be described in following steps The water flowing through Solar flat Plate collects the solar energy and gets heated up. The hot water is passed to heat exchanger consisting of PCM, thus the PCM melts and stores the Laten heat The low boiling point organic liquid is passed through a heat exchanger thus the PCM loses latent heat to the organic liquid converting to a high-pressure vapor. The high-pressure vapor makes a turbine to rotate which in turn rotates a generator, thus producing electric current .

36. Solar Power Plants Solar Energy Solar Collectors Concentrated Solar collectors Primarily there are four types of concentrating solar collectors, which are: Parabolic trough collector Power tower receiver Parabolic dish collector Fresnel lens collector.

37. Solar Power Plants Parabolic trough collector A parabolic trough comprises a linear parabolic reflector that concentrates sunlight on a receiver that is positioned along the focal line of the reflector. The receiver is a tube placed directly over the middle of the parabolic mirror and filled with a working fluid.  The heat absorbed by the working fluid transfers to water for producing steam. The focus of solar radiation changes with the change in the Sun’s position .  The reflector keeps following the sun during the day by tracking along a single axis. A working fluid (e.g., molten salt is heated between 150 and 350 °C (302–662 °F) as it flows through the receiver and is then used as a source of heat for many  

38. Solar Power Plants 2. Parabolic trough collector  Parabolic dish collector is a stand-alone parabolic reflector that concentrates light on a receiver placed at the focal point of the reflector.  The reflector tracks the Sun along dual axes. The working fluid in the receiver is heated up in the temperature between 250°C and 700°C and then can be used for various applications.   Focal point

39. Solar Power Plants 3.Solar power tower A solar power tower comprises an array of dual-axis tracking reflectors or heliostats that concentrate sunlight on a central receiver placed at the top of the tower. The receiver contains a heat-transfer fluid, which contains water-steam or molten salt.  The heliostats are installed around the central tower. Each heliostat rotates into two directions to track the sun. The solar radiation that reflects from heliostats is absorbed by the receiver mounted on a tower of about 500 m height. Optically a solar power tower is like a circular Fresnel reflector. The working fluid in the receiver is heated to 500–1000°C (932–1,832°F or 773-1,273 K). Subsequently, it is used as a heat source for generating electricity or storing energy.  

40. Solar Power Plants 4.Fresnel lens collector.  Fresnel reflectors contain many thin, flat mirror strips to concentrate sunlight on tubes through which working fluid is pumped.  Flat mirrors accommodate more reflective surfaces in the same amount of space than a parabolic reflector. They capture more available sunlight and also much cheaper than parabolic reflectors.   Flat mirror strips