Introduction to Research and Research Methodology.pdf

Introduction to Research and Research Methodology By Dr. Anand S. Burange
Topics covered: Types of research articles, citations, journals, predatory journals, plagiarism, search engines, and many more.

1. Dr. Anand S. Burange
Assistant Professor
Wilson College, Mumbai
Introduction to Research &
Research Methodology

2. 2
https://willrobotstakemyjob.com/
Ask a robot: Will robot take my job

3. According to Oxford Dictionary: “the systematic investigation into and study of
materials and sources in order to establish facts and reach new conclusions.”
• Research is not only done in laboratories or controlled conditions, we do it
either in small or on large scale everyday.
• Research is not monolithic i.e. there is no single way to go about it.
3
Basic question: What is research?
According to Advanced Learner’s English Dictionary: “a careful investigation or
enquiry specially through search for new facts in any branch of knowledge .”
• According to Redman and Mory: “systematic efforts to gain new knowledge.”
•For few people, “research is a movement from known to unknown.”
• Research is not monolithic i.e. there is no single way to go about it.
Second Language
Research:
Methodology and
Design
By
Alison Mackey,
Susan M.
Gassolithic
Research
Methodology:
Methods and
Techniques
By
C. R. Kothari

4. 4
Research Objectives
Objectives
Descriptive
[To portray accurately
the characteristics of a
particular
individual/group/other
]
Diagnostics
[To determine
frequency with
which something
occurs]
Hypothesis testing
[To test hypothesis
]
Exploratory or
Formulative
[To gain familiarity
and to achieve
new insights]

5. 5
First key-step
The most crucial step isTo find a Research Problem

6. 6
Literature Survey : Library Approach
How to Use Chemical Abstracts: Claire Nickerson; https://www.slideshare.net/ClaireNickerson/how-to-use-chemical-abstracts-in-print
Image Credit: https://www.warren-wilson.edu/wp-content/uploads/2017/05/pre-law_advising-body1-
1200x900-c-bottom.jpg
Literature survey helps to find out lacuna in previous work and help to find a research
problem OR new problem can be selected from society needs.

7. 7
Types of sources: Information
Sources
Primary
Original source of information.
Example: Original article or data
Secondary
Sources that discuss, explain or
analyse primary source
Example: Textbook, magazine
Tertiary
Sources providing an
overview or compiled data
Example: Encyclopaedia,
dictionaries

8. 8
Journals
These are scholarly publications, including articles written by research scholars,
faculties and experts in the related field.

9. 9
Journals Abbreviations
J. Am. Chem. Soc. Green Chem. Angew. Chem. Int. Catal. Commun.

10. 10
ISSN and ISBN
ISSN :International Standard Serial Number
ISBN: International Standard Book Number
ISSN and ISBN are the unique numbers assigned to journals and books respectively.
No two books can have identical ISBN similarly no two journals can have same ISSN number.
https://library-resources.cqu.edu.au/learning-
objects/lib-cat-isbn.htm
Visit following website ; ISSN and ISBN library.
Can one journal have different ISSN for print and online?
Yes
Find out ISSN number of RSC Advances https://www.rsc.org/journals-books-databases/about-journals/rsc-advances/

11. 11
GEN-Z: Literature survey
Let’s get familiar with various reputed publishing houses
enlisted below:
1.American Chemical Society
2.Elsevier
3.Springer
4.Wiley
5.Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC)
6.Francis and Taylor
7. and many more
Visit publishers websites……
https://www.semanticscholar.org/
https://scholar.google.com/
https://www.refseek.com/
Search Engines
Semantic Scholar
Google ScholarGoogle Scholar
Semantic Scholar
Google Scholar
refseek search

12. 12
E-Consortium
A library consortium is a group of libraries which come together to realize a combined objective
that usefully requires co-operation and the sharing of resources.
Sharing between the libraries mostly takes place in the digital and electronic format.
Consortium derived from ‘Latin’ word ‘consort’ meaning partnership. ‘Cosortia’ is a plural form but often used as
‘consortium’(singular)
E-sources shared in E-Consortium
1.e-journals
2.e-books
3.e-magzines
4.e-newsletters
5.e-conference proceedings
6.Other electronic formats

13. 13
Consortia in INDIA
Initiative by Ministry of Human Resource Development (MHRD), Govt. of India and executed by INFLIBNET
Centre https://ess.inflibnet.ac.in/; 15000 e-journals and 3135000+e-books , 40 resources and 16
databases
UGC-ONFONET digital library formally launched by honorable Dr. A. P. J. Abdul Kalam in Dec.
2003 https://www.inflibnet.ac.in/econ/oaeresources.php
Consortium derived from ‘Latin’ word ‘consort’ meaning partnership. ‘Consortia’ is a plural form but often
used as ‘consortium’(singular)
Jointly handled by executed by the UGC-INFONET digital library
consortium INFLIBNET centre and the Indian National Digital Library
in Engineering Sciences and Technology (INDEST) Consortium -
AICTE consortium, IIT Delhi. 6000+ e-journals and 97,000 + e-books;
https://nlist.inflibnet.ac.in/
Handled by Council of Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), INDIA

14. 14
ChemSpider
http://www.chemspider.com/

15. 15
Go to https://www.sciencedirect.com/ and list down the journals in your subject along with journal scopes

16. 16

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Chemical Abstract Service (CAS)
It is one of the divisions of American Chemical Society and known for source of
chemical information. The information regarding specific chemical is prepared by
CAS registry system. Every individual molecule has a unique CAS registry number.
CAS No. Chemical
9002-18-0
1034343-98-0
64-17-5
Identify the chemicals from their given CAS number
CAS also provides various services some of them are highly useful for literature survey.
THE IUPAC INTERNATIONAL CHEMICAL IDENTIFIER (INCHI)
Another unique numbering system

18. 18

19. 19

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NIST_National Institute of Standards and Technology
https://webbook.nist.gov/chemistry/name-ser/#
Explore

21. 21
Sad Part
Nothing is
free
Time to know about DOI
DOI: Digital Object Identifier
DOI is a string of numbers, letters and symbols used to
permanently identify an article or document and link to it on the
web.
DOI
All research articles are not available if not open access.
(Subscription required)

22. 22
The frustrated science students behind Sci-Hub
Alexandra Elbakyan
Sci-Hub founder
Science 352 (6285), 511. [doi: 10.1126/science.352.6285.511
World’s Largest
Pirate site
Sci-Hub is an inspiring act of altruism but
for few a massive criminal enterprise
We are not
supporting or
promoting Sci-Hub
here.

23. 23
Website: https://sci-hub.tw
Exercise: Sci-Hub
Download the following articles using following doi numbers and share their titles.
1.10.1126/science.352.6285.511
2. 10.1007/s10578-007-0092-3
In some cases, if unable to locate doi quickly then web link can also be pasted to get the free copy
This exercise is just to check that how people have downloaded lots of research articles for free.
We are not promoting Sci-Hub here.
Sci-Hub is banned in India

24. 24
Match the eligibility criterion for research
Join the research group
Choose the research problem for your thesis
Work on idea
Communicate the findings (manuscript)
Manuscript: Typed or handwritten unpublished work
STEPS
Image Credit https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fseanmcdowell.org%2Fblog%2Fwhat -is-the-most-recent-manuscript-count-for-the-new -
testament&psig=AOvVaw1ALuN2fE483xuv4YwyoTPN&ust=1587407161283000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCLi7vJ6Q9egCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAD

25. 25
Article types
Original
Research
Reviews
Letters,
Communications
Case studies
Research
articles
Moreover, there are chapters, news articles, conferences
proceedings , etc.

26. 26
WRITING A MANUSCRIPT
Journal
Name
Research Article Title
A.
Authors
Affiliation
}
AbstractKeywords
}
Main body
Publisher
Please check journal
scope before
communication

27. 27
Acknowledgement
Do not forget to mention the funding agencies supported for the research work.
This work is supported by grant no. XXXXX from ‘name of funding agencies.’ It is worth to
acknowledge who helped indirectly for your present work.

28. 28
Conflict of Interest
Managing Conflict of Interest in the Public Sector
A TOOLKIT
By
ORGANISATION FOR ECONOMIC CO -OPERATION AND DEVELOPMENT
Author has to declare conflict of interest for the research article(s).
It is an important part while publishing typically a third party is involved due to financial
interest.

29. 29
Ghost authorship
It is the practice of adding well known, influential and a reputed researcher’s/scientist’s name to a
manuscript to enhance its credibility, without their actual involvement.
Many people often do it, so as to get their work published smoothly. It is an unethical practice.

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CRediT author statement
Dr. XXX has performed laboratory experiments, product analysis
as well as some part of catalyst characterization. Dr. XXXX,
prepared XXX material and did its characterization and analysis.
Mr. XXX performed few optimization reactions studies for the
mentioned catalytic protocol. XXXX are the research supervisors.
XXX has written the manuscript and guided others to work on
concept and idea.

31. 31
Inside Manuscript
•How articles are cited in the manuscript?
•Style of citation
•Always refer author information
•References or bibliography style

32. 32
Steps after communication of an article
With editor; Reviewers invited
Under Review
Rejection OR Revision (major/minor)
Submission of revision (response to reviewer)
Under Review
Editorial decision (Accept/reject)
Proof reading
Article appear online

33. 33
CITATION
Credit must
be given to
original
author
Who does the
work matters
It is the claim made by an
author, that the information
used in present manuscript
came from other source

34. 34
h-index
Hirsch in 2005, proposed the criterion to evaluate the scientific outcomes of
the researchers known as h-index [1].
If researcher has x- number of articles and each article is cited x times then
h-index for him/her is ‘x’.
[1] HIRSCH, J. E. (2005), An Index to Quantify an Individual’s Scientific Research Output. Retrieved
August 23, 2005
from http://xxx.arxiv.org/abs/physics/0508025.

35. 35
h-index: # Exercise
H-index = 04

36. 36
i10-index
i10-index = 03
i10-index =
01

37. 37
Ethics in Research

38. 38
Plagiarism
Definitions
Copying
words/ideas
from
someone
else’s work
without
giving credit
Reframing
sentences/
words by
copying
from the
source
without
giving credit
Giving
incorrect
information
about the
source
Representin
g someone
else’s
research as
your own
Plagiarism is derived form the Latin word “plagiarius” which means
kidnapper. It is defined as “the passing off of another person's work as if it
were one's own, by claiming credit for something that was actually done by
someone else”
Accidental
[Lack of knowledge
about plagiarism, citation,
etc.]
Unintentional
[You feel you are writing a
new thought came to
your mind: But idea was
already existed.
Intentional
[Deliberate act of
copying without giving
credit to the original
author]
Self Plagiarism
[Use of self published work
and referring it as a new
work]
Plagiarism
categories
Reference: Journal of Universal Computer Science, vol. 12, no. 8 (2006), 1050-1084

39. 39
Plagiarism check software

40. 40
In Science, the credit goes to the man who
convinces the world, not to the man to whom the
ides first occurs.
-Sir Francis Darwin

41. 41
Who publishes in ‘Predatory’ Journals?
Bohannon (2013) conducted a sting operation where he submitted fabricated articles with deliberately
flawed research to 300 open access (OA) journals.
Bohannon findings:
❑ Most of the journals were having fake editorial board.
❑

Direct acceptance without peer-reviewing with considerable article processing charges
Jeffrey Beall, University of Colorado Denver, Library, coined the term ‘predatory’ for such journals and he
maintained a long list of such journals. https://beallslist.net/

42. 42
Hijacked Journals
Jeffrey Beall, also maintained the list of hijacked journals https://beallslist.net/hijacked-journals/
The fake counterfeit website of the journal pretend to be original legitimate journal.
ARCTIC
JOURNAL
Authentic Hijacked

43. 43
Where does MONEY ($) going????
By tracing IP (internet protocol) addresses of journal editors; tracing location of their bank accounts,
Bohannon in 2013 observed that most journals accepting fake articles with article processing charges
were based in developing countries , particularly, -----------
Any guess ????
Image credit : https://www.google.com/url?sa=i&url=https%3A%2F%2Fwww.dreamstime.com% 2Fst ock-image-india-map-rupee-bank notes-
image18557701&psig=AOvVaw1dH2LmUtamAX0TvNyISLON&ust=1587560355873000&source=images&cd=vfe&ved=0CAIQjRxqFwoTCOC42KzJ -egCFQAAAAAdAAAAABAN
INDIA
Four major geometrical clusters of predatory publishers
were found in
1.India
2.Nigeria
3.US
4.UK
OMICS was found to be a large predatory group in INDIA.

44. 44
Copyrights and Permission
How to take the permissions for the figures, tables or content?

45. 45
IMPACT FACTOR OF JOURNALS
Ba nner I ma g e
Credit:

46. 46
Problems
1# Journal: Catalysis Reviews – Science and Technology has published 27 documents from 2015-2017.
The citation count measured in 2018 was 227. Calculate the Impact Factor of the journal for year 2018 ?
Solution:
2# Calculate the Impact Factor of the same journal mentioned above for year 2019 ?
Data given: Citation count 2019 = 309; No. of documents from 2016-18 = 29
Solution:

47. 47
Unit Symbols
Unit Symbol
Length M
Mass Kg or g (not gm)
Mole Mol
Time h (not hr)

48. 48
What is your opinion about
Impact Factor?
https://twitter.com/NobelPrize/status877804020345262080/?s=20
Views of
Nobel
Laureates

49. 49
Want to follow your interest
https://scholar.google.com/scholar_alerts?view_op=list_alerts&hl=en
Today create your
google scholar alert

50. 50
How to write an article effectively: Tour to articles

51. 51
Where and how to present a Research Work?

52. 52 WHERE?
Conference
It is quite general, often have broad
research topics with large number of
participants. It includes, key note address
and few invited talks along with oral and
poster presentations from research
scholars
Symposium
It is a meeting where specific research
problems are discussed with number of
participants working in related field and
experts. It also includes invited talks, key
note address and presentations in
related area. Question answer session
format is main feature of academic
symposium.

53. 53
Presentation modes
❑Poster Presentation
❑Oral Presentation

54. 54
Graphical Abstract_Table of Content

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