Introduction - to - Research - Design.pptx

Research is a systematic process of investigating and analyzing various phenomena, events, behaviors, or systems to expand knowledge and address specific questions. It serves as the foundation of scientific progress, intellectual discovery, and evidence-based practice across disciplines. Whether in the sciences, social sciences, humanities, or technology, research provides structured ways to inquire about unknowns, challenge existing assumptions, and offer new perspectives.

In this presentation, titled "Introduction to Research", we will explore the fundamentals of research, from its definition and significance to the different types, methodologies, and ethical considerations. This overview is designed for beginners or anyone interested in understanding how research works and its critical role in academic, professional, and societal contexts. This presentation provides a comprehensive overview of research, including its importance, purpose, and key methodologies. It covers the foundational concepts of the research process, including the formulation of research questions, types of research (qualitative and quantitative), and the importance of ethics in research. Ideal for students, academics, and professionals looking to understand the essentials of conducting effective research. Whether you're starting a new project or refining your research skills, this guide will help you navigate the steps of planning, conducting, and analyzing research with clarity.

1. Introduction to Research Design Research design is the framework or blueprint for conducting research. It outlines the steps and procedures to be followed to answer a research question. SS Dr. Siva Gurunathan S Assistant Professor, PG and Research Department of Economics, Sacred Heart College (Autonomous), Tirupattur-635601.

2. Defining Research Design A research design is a systematic plan that guides the collection and analysis of data to address a research question. Objectives Research design clarifies objectives to be achieved. Methods It specifies methods for data collection and analysis. Timeline It outlines a clear timeline and budget for the research.

3. Types of Research Design Research designs are categorized based on the purpose and methods of the study. Quantitative Quantitative research uses numerical data to measure and analyze phenomena. Qualitative Qualitative research explores meanings, experiences, and perspectives using non-numerical data. Mixed-Methods Mixed-methods research combines both quantitative and qualitative approaches.

4. Quantitative Research Design Quantitative designs emphasize objective measurement and statistical analysis of data. 1 Experimental Involves manipulating variables to establish cause-and-effect relationships. 2 Survey Collects data from a large sample using questionnaires or interviews. 3 Correlational Examines the relationships between variables without manipulation.

5. Qualitative Research Design Qualitative designs focus on understanding the meaning and interpretation of data. Ethnographic Immersion in a culture or community to understand their perspectives. Grounded Theory Developing theories based on patterns emerging from data analysis. Case Study In-depth examination of a particular individual, group, or event.

6. Mixed-Methods Research Design Mixed-methods designs integrate quantitative and qualitative approaches to provide a comprehensive understanding. Triangulation Using multiple methods to validate findings. Expansion Qualitative data to enrich quantitative findings. Embedded One method nested within another.

7. Sampling Techniques Sampling techniques are used to select a representative subset of the population for the study. Random Sampling Every individual has an equal chance of being selected. Stratified Sampling Dividing the population into strata and randomly selecting from each stratum. Convenience Sampling Selecting participants based on ease of access. Snowball Sampling Participants refer other potential participants.

8. Data Collection Methods Data collection methods are the tools used to gather data from participants. 1 Surveys Using questionnaires or interviews to collect data from a large sample. 2 Observations Systematic recording of behaviors or events in a natural setting. 3 Experiments Manipulating variables to test hypotheses. 4 Interviews In-depth conversations with participants to gather detailed information. 5 Focus Groups Discussions with a small group of participants to explore a particular topic.

9. Data Analysis Strategies Data analysis strategies are used to interpret and draw meaning from collected data. Quantitative Analysis Using statistical methods to analyze numerical data. Qualitative Analysis Thematic analysis, content analysis, or discourse analysis to interpret non-numerical data.

10. Ethical Considerations in Research Design Ethical considerations are crucial throughout the research process to ensure participant safety and data integrity. 1 Informed Consent Participants must be fully informed about the study and provide consent to participate. 2 Confidentiality Protecting participant privacy and ensuring anonymity of data. 3 Beneficence Maximizing benefits to participants while minimizing risks. 4 Integrity Maintaining honesty and transparency in data collection and reporting.