Introduction to sericulture

Brief Introduction to Sericulture, lifecyle of silk worm, types of silk, processing silk production and its marketing, government scheme of production of mulberry and silkworm.

1. Dr. T. RAMESH Assistant Professor of Zoology Vivekananda College, Tiruvedakam IGNOU - Academic Counsellor [email protected] Introduction to Sericulture online counselling session on

2. CONTENT Introduction History of Silk Silk production in India Life cycle of Silkworm Types of Silk Quality of Cocoons Sericulture and rural development Economics for Sericulture development Funding schemes in India 2 6/9/2021

3. Introduction Sericulture- it is the cultivation of silkworms to produce silk . It is a kind of Agro-industry (Agriculture & Industry). India stands 5 th rank in production of silk (5%) in the world after the China. The total annual production of raw silk in India is about 31 lakhs kg . Silk is called “ Queen of Textiles ”. Sericulture or silk farming is involves cultivation of host plants & rearing of silkworm for production of Cocoon - Raw Silk. Bombyx mori is the most widely used and intensively studied silkworm. Sericulture playing vital role in rural employment, development & economy growth . Bombyx mori 3 6/9/2021

4. History of Silk Silk was discovered by Xilingji ( Hsi -ling-chi), wife of China’s 3rd Emperor , Huangdi (Hoang-Ti), in 2640 B.C. While making tea, Xilingji accidentally dropped a silkworm cocoon into a cup of hot water and found that the silk fibre could be loosened and unwound. After 1200 B.C. Chinese immigrants who had settled in Korea helped in the emergence of silk industry in Korea. 3rd century B.C. Semiramus establishment silk industries in Japan Chinese Princess married an Indian Prince- Silk production spread in India 550 A.D. Smuggled from China to other countries. 7 th century it spread middle east and Africa . 19 th centaury almost machinery in all countries. First mill was established by “East India Company” at Howrah in 1832. 4 6/9/2021

5. Silk Production in India States Production in MT Karnataka 9800 Andhra Pradesh 5000 Assam 3300 West Bengal 2400 Jharkhand 2300 https://businessfinancearticles.org/silk-producing-countries Note: MT- Metric Ton More than 6 million people are involved in the culture The value of silk product in India is about Rs. 80 corers /annum . Export of silk brings about Rs. 15 corers in foreign exchange. Most contribution of silk production by Karnataka & Andra Pradesh . Bihar, WB, MP, Assam, J&K, TN & Odisha are prominent in silk manufacturing . At present Karnataka is the premier producing state in India 52% . 5 6/9/2021

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7. Taxonomy Silk producing insects - Sericigenous insects Silk moths belong to Phylum - Artropoda Class - Insecta Order - Lepidoptera Super family - Bombycoidea Bombycoidea comprises eight families Bombycidae and Saturnidae are the two important families the members of which produce natural silk. There are many commercial species are involved for Silk 7 6/9/2021

8. Silkworm Lifecycle Life cycle of the silkworm consists of four stages i.e. adult, egg, larva, and pupa . The duration of life cycle is 6 to 8 weeks depending upon racial characteristics & climatic conditions . The moths mate and the females lay 300 , to more than 350 eggs , then die. Larvae eat for 20-30 days , consuming large amounts of mulberry leaves, and molt through four changes of skin or 'instars‘ and then cocooning. 8 6/9/2021

9. There are Four types of silks MULBERRY TASAR ERI MUGA Types of Silk 9 6/9/2021 Major silk produced by Japan, Korea, Russia, Brazil Bulgaria, China, Italy & India India 5% Raw Silk & 10 % Tasar - Globally by India India – Produced all four type of silk Production is increased 40 % - last 15 years in India Total raw silk production- 31 lakhs kg/ annum Mulberry alone- 25 lakhs+Non mulberry- 6 lakhs Tasar production high in central & north eastern parts of India. Bihar - 1.25 lakhs people Eri -limited states- Gangetic plains of Ranchi, Patna

10. Mulberry Silk It is superior in quality Mulberry is the food plant of mulberry silkworm Bombyx mori & B. mandarina . Domesticated & reared indoors About 92 % of the total production in India. Bivoltine silk is superior than Multivoltine . Well practiced in KA, TN AP, KL MH, WB & JK 10 6/9/2021 Life cycle of mulberry worm

11. It is reared tropical & temperate zones . It is from species of Genus Antheraea A. mylitta (Tropical India) A. proyli (Temperate India) A. pernyi (China & USSR) A. yamamai (Japan) It copperish colour used for furnishings & interiors . It has 3 types of voltinism - reared outdoors the trees of Asan & Arjuna . Bihar, Jharkhand, Chattisgarh , Odisha , MH, AP, WB. Tasar culture main stay for tribal community in India. TASAR SILK A. mylitta 11 6/9/2021

12. This silkworm is Philosamia ricini Polyphagous - Caster oil plants It silkworm has protein rich pupae ERI is a multivoltine silk- Indoor reared Indigenous preparation of Chaddars - Tribals own use Practised in Assam, Tripura & WB. Now commercially in many parts of India ERI SILK 12 6/9/2021

13. Muga silk worm- Antheraea assama & produced golden yellow coloured cocoon Muga is pride of Assam- Only in our country It contributes only 2% of total silk in India Polyphagous - feeds aromatic leaves of Som & Soalu plants and reared on that trees Life span- 50 days in summer & 120 days in winter . Produces Sarees , Mekhalas , Chaddars & costly. Practised very common in Assam, Nagaland & South Tripura. MUGA Silk 13 6/9/2021 Antheraea assama

14. Lifecycle Silkworm The larvae extrudes two kind of filaments -protein namely Fibroin (70-80%) and Gum Protein Sericin (20-30%) 14 6/9/2021

15. Globalization- Quality is playing vital role in Sericulture Stockholders focusing to produced better quality- International Silk Standards . Quality of Cocoon - Uniform Shape, Size, Colour, less defective cocoon and good reelability . Visual cocoon examination - Melted, Double, Stained, Thin end, Filmsy and Malformed. Quality parameters of Silk - Non breakable filament, evenness, neatness, elongation, Cohesion, Cleanliness The cocoons are priced on the basis Rendita and reeling parameters . Rendita may be defined as number of kg of cocoon producing 1 kg of raw silk. Quality of Cocoon and Silk 15 6/9/2021

16. One laying contains 450-500 eggs/12-15kg of mulberry leaves for its rearing. Average 70 – 80 kg of cocoon yield can be obtained from 100 DFLs . Production of 1 kg of cocoon needs 18-20 kg of mulberry leaves It is purely depends on variety, quality of leaves and season of rearing . To rear 100 DFL a bed space required of 700-750 sq.ft . for Multivoltine and 800-900 sq.ft . for Bivoltine silkworm races. Proper systematic planning of silkworm rearing to meet day to day requirements it should be necessary to asses the leaf production , supply of in time Chawki worms and labour requirement in addition to disinfectants to the rearing house. DFL- Diseases Free Layings 16 6/9/2021

17. It has high employment potential Important Agro based enterprise Low investment and high returns Women friendly occupations Eco friendly Importance of silk industry 17 6/9/2021

18. India has achieved significantly in silk production and productivity, but still facing certain problems Bulk of production achieved only viz Multi or Bivoltine breeds - Silk quality is low by International Silk Standards . Culture practice is very difficult to introduce in many states. National Sericulture Project (NSP) Since 1990 still limited production. Indian Silk Cost is much higher than China . So Indian weavers are imported from China in cheaper price. Production system of China much better than ours. It is essential to improve the quality and productivity of Indian Silk Many places are uprooted mulberry garden - Urbanization & Improper rainfall Reeling sector is unorganised in India Current productivity of raw silk is low & not fulfil our demand- Import from other countries . Constraints of Sericulture Industry in India 18 6/9/2021

19. Mulberry area  : 2.00 acres Silkworm rearing shed  size : 60’L x 20’W  (Feet) Mulberry cultivation & maintenance expenditure- First Invest. Silkworm rearing shed- First Invest. Expenditure on Silkworm Rearing Materials- First Invest Silkworm Rearing Expenses Income Sericulture Economics-as per TNAU 19 6/9/2021

20. Mulberry area  : 2.00 acres Silkworm rearing shed  size : 60’L x 20’W  (Feet) A. Mulberry cultivation and maintenance expenditure- First Invest . Sericulture Economics-as per TNAU Sl.No . Particulars Amount Rs 1 . Ploughing 1,000.00 2. FYM 16 tons/ Rs. 450 / tonne) 7,200.00 3. Forming Ridges and Furrows 1,600.00 4. Mulberry   cuttings/ Seedlings (@Rs. 1) per 10,000 Nos 10,000.00 5. Transplanting   (Labour charges) 1,000.00 6. Weeding 3,000.00 7. Fertilizers cost 1,500.00 8. Foliar spray of  nutrients 500.00 9. Irrigation 800.00   Total 26,600.00 20 6/9/2021

21. 1. Silkworm rearing shed size (60’ x 20’) : 1200 Sq.ft 2. Walls with Hallow blocks( 7’ to 8’ ) 3. Coconut fronds for top 3. Door - 6’ to 4’ (one number) 4. Windows - 6’ to 3’ - 13 numbers 5. Cement floor Total cost of building construction Rs. 1, 25,000 B. Silkworm rearing shed- First Invest. 21 6/9/2021

22. C. Expenditure on Silkworm Rearing Materials- First Invest Sl.No . Particulars Amount (Rs.) 1. Shoot harvesting  1500 sq.ft. (1 sq.ft. = Rs.7/-) 10,500.00 2. Chandrike 300 Nos (@Rs. 40/- chandrike)  12,000.00 3. Bed cleaning net s (100 m) (Rs. 2. Per/m) 2,000.00   Total 24,500.00 22 6/9/2021

23. d. Silkworm Rearing Expenses Sl.No . Particulars Amount (Rs.) 1. Cost of eggs for 2000 dfls @ Rs. 5/ dfls   5,000.00 2. Spraying for mulberry  (10 crops @ Rs.500/ crop) 5,000.00 3. Labour charges 30,000.00 4. Chemical fertilizers  for 10 crops 5,000.00 5. Weeding  (10 times  @ Rs. 500/ weeding) 5,000.00 6. Cost of pesticides and foliar nutrients 2,500.00 7. Irrigation 2,500.00 8. Transport  charges  to cocoon market 5,600.00   Total 60,100.00 23 6/9/2021

24. e. Income Sl.No . Particulars Amount (Rs.) 1. Cocoon harvested per annum (@ 70 kg cocoon/100 dfls ) 1400 kg 2. Return (@ Rs. 120 per / kg) 1,68,000.00 3. Annual  expenditure  60,100.00   Net profit 1,07,800.00 http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sericulture/economic%20of%20seri_late%20rearing.html 24 6/9/2021

25. It is playing vital role on rural economy & employment 1. Raising of Mulberry saplings- Nursery 2. Raising of mulberry garden and silkworm rearing 3. Silkworm egg production/DFLs 4. Reeling and Spinning of Cocoons 5. Twisting of Reeled Silk 6. Weaving 7. Dyeing and Printing 8. Miscellaneous activities Sericulture and Rural Economy 25 6/9/2021

26. Financial Schemes 26 6/9/2021

27. 1. Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Behrampur (WB). 2. Central Sericulture Research and Training Institute, Mysore (KA). 3. Central Tasar Research and Training Institute, Ranchi ( Jh ). 4. Central Silk Technological Research Institute, Bangalore (KA). Training centres in India There are four major research centres for Sericulture in India: 27 6/9/2021

28. Introduction to sericulture (2008) published by School of Agriculture, IGNOU, ISBN-978-81-266-3341-8. http://agritech.tnau.ac.in/sericulture/economic%20of%20seri_late%20rearing.html https://www.aplustopper.com/sericulture-process-of-silk-production/ Reference 28 6/9/2021

29. Thank you 29 6/9/2021