introduction to the philosophy of the human person L9 1.pptx

ppt

1. INTRODUCTION TO THE PHILOSOPHY OF THE HUMAN PERSON

2. Let us think!!! I AM A LIAR AND I AM NOT LYING

3. OBJECTIVES: Students will be able to identify and explain 5 common fallacies. Students will show awareness of fallacies in arguments and be respectful of others' reasoning. Students will practice identifying fallacies in real-life scenarios through group activities.

4. Fallacies Fallacy is a defect in an argument other than its having a false premise. To detect fallacies, it is required to examine the argument’s content. Fallacies distorts the truth

5. Appeal to Pity (Argumentum ad Misericordiam) A specific kind of appeal to emotion in which someone tries to win support for an argument or idea by exploiting his or her opponent’s feeling of pity or guilt.

6. Equivocation This is logical chain of reasoning of a term or a word several times, but giving the particular words a different meaning each time.

7. "The sign said 'fine for parking.' Since it was fine, I parked there.“ "All politicians are liars. My neighbor is a politician. Therefore, my neighbor is a liar.“ "The law states that everyone is equal. Therefore, everyone should have the same income."

8. Composition This infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some parts of the whole

9. Each part of this machine is lightweight. Therefore, the whole machine is lightweight. Each atom in this table is invisible. Therefore, the table is invisible Every student in the class is intelligent. Therefore, the class as a whole is intelligent

10. Division One reasons logically that something is true of a thing must also be true to all or some of its parts

11. The government is corrupt. Therefore, every government official is corrupt The ocean is salty. Therefore, every drop of water in the ocean is salty This company is successful. Therefore, every employee in this company is successful

12. Against the Person Argumentum ad Hominem This fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument, rather than addressing the argument itself. "Poisoning the well" is a type of informal fallacy where someone tries to discredit an opponent's argument before they even have a chance to present it.

13. Political Debate: "Before you listen to my opponent's ideas about education reform, you should know that they have a history of making reckless financial decisions.“ Workplace: "Don't trust anything Sarah says about the new project. She's always trying to undermine others and get ahead.“ Social Media: "This author's new book is terrible. They're just trying to cash in on the current trend and have no real talent.

14. Debate: "You can't possibly understand the importance of environmental protection. You drive a gas-guzzling SUV." Online Discussion: "Your opinion on this issue is irrelevant. You're just a teenager who doesn't understand the real world." Personal Argument: "You can't tell me how to run my business. You've never even had a job!"

15. Appeal to Force Argumentum ad Baculum is a logical fallacy where someone tries to persuade others by using threats or force, rather than providing valid arguments or evidence.

16. Political Coercion: "If you don't vote for our party, you'll face economic hardship." Parental Threats: "If you don't clean your room, you'll be grounded.“ Corporate Intimidation: "If you don't support this new policy, you'll be the first to be laid off." Academic Pressure: "If you don't agree with my interpretation, you'll fail the class."

17. Appeal to People Argumentum ad Populum is a logical fallacy where someone tries to persuade others by appealing to popular opinion or the beliefs of the majority, rather than providing evidence or sound reasoning. It essentially argues that something must be true because many people believe it.

18. Marketing: "Millions of people use this product, so it must be effective." Social Trends: "Everyone is wearing skinny jeans, so they must be fashionable." Political Campaigns: "Our candidate is the most popular, so they must be the best choice." Belief Systems: "Millions of people believe in God, so God must exist."

19. False Cause Post hoc also known as post hoc ergo propter hoc (Latin for "after this, therefore because of this"), is a logical fallacy where someone assumes that because one event happened after another, the first event must have caused the second. This is a common error in reasoning because it confuses correlation with causation.

20. Superstitions: "I wore my lucky socks to the game, and my team won! My socks must have brought them good luck." Health Misconceptions: "I started taking vitamin C supplements, and my cold went away quickly. Vitamin C must be a cure for colds.“ Economic Reasoning: "The economy improved after the new tax cuts were passed. The tax cuts must have caused the economic growth."

21. Begging the Question fallacy The begging the question fallacy, also known as circular reasoning or petitio principii (Latin for "assuming the initial point"), is a logical fallacy where the argument's premise assumes the truth of the conclusion it's trying to prove. In essence, the argument goes in a circle, using the conclusion as evidence for itself.

22. "This is a good movie because it's entertaining "You should eat your vegetables because they're good for you.“ "I know I'm right because I feel it in my gut.“ "It's wrong to steal because it's against the law "You can't trust him because he's a liar."

23. Quiz – Multiple Choice **Multiple Choice Quiz: Introduction to the Philosophy of the Human Person** 1. What is the fallacy that distorts the truth and involves exploiting pity or guilt in arguments? A. Equivocation B. Appeal to Ignorance C. Appeal to Pity D. Composition 2. Which fallacy infers that something is true of the whole from the fact that it is true of some parts of the whole? A. Division B. Against the Person C. Appeal to Force D. Begging the Question 3. Which fallacy involves attacking the person making the argument rather than addressing the argument itself? A. False Cause B. Appeal to People C. Appeal to Force D. Against the Person 4. What type of fallacy assumes that because one event happened after another, the first event must have caused the second? A. False Cause B. Appeal to Ignorance C. Equivocation D. Composition 5. Which fallacy involves using threats or force to persuade others, rather than providing valid arguments or evidence? A. Appeal to Ignorance B. Appeal to Pity C. Appeal to Force D. Begging the Question

24. 6. Which fallacy argues that something must be true because many people believe it? A. Composition B. Appeal to People C. Division D. False Cause 7. What is the fallacy that assumes the truth of the conclusion it's trying to prove, creating a circular argument? A. Equivocation B. Appeal to Pity C. Begging the Question D. Against the Person 8. In which fallacy does someone try to win support by exploiting the opponent's feeling of pity or guilt? A. Appeal to Force B. Appeal to People C. Appeal to Ignorance D. Appeal to Pity 9. Which fallacy involves assuming that because something is true of the whole, it is true of its parts? A. Division B. False Cause C. Composition D. Against the Person 10. What is the fallacy where someone assumes that because something is popular, it must be true? A. Appeal to People B. Appeal to Force C. Begging the Question D. False Cause **Answers:** 1. C. Appeal to Pity 2. D. Division 3. D. Against the Person 4. A. False Cause 5. C. Appeal to Force 6. B. Appeal to People 7. C. Begging the Question 8. C. Appeal to Pity 9. C. Composition 10. A. Appeal to People