Introductory analysis of Philosophy and branches of Philosophy.pptx

Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems.
Investigation of nature, causes, principles of reality, knowledge and values.

1. Introductory analysis of Philosophy and branches of Philosophy Dr Ragul S MD Part 1 Dept of organon

2. I cannot teach anybody anything, I can only make them think.

3. What is Philosophy? Philosophy is the study of general and fundamental problems, such as those connected with reality, existence, knowledge, values, reason, mind, and language. Investigation of the nature, causes, or principles of reality, knowledge, or values, based on logical reasoning rather than empirical methods. The critical analysis of fundamental assumptions or beliefs.

4. The term philosophy is taken from the Greek word phileo meaning “to love” and sophia meaning wisdom. Thus , philosophy means “the love of wisdom ”. Socrates, a Greek philosopher, used the term philosophy as an equivalent to the  search for wisdom .

5. In a broad sense, philosophy is an activity people undertake when they seek to understand fundamental truths about themselves, the world in which they live, and their relationships to the world and to each other. 

6. BRANCHES OF PHILOSOPHY:  Metaphysics Epistemology Logic Ethics Aesthetics Social and political

7. METAPHYSICS The word metaphysics means beyond physics.  Metaphysics  is a traditional branch of philosophy concerned with explaining the fundamental nature of being and the world.it attempts to answer two basic questions in the broadest possible terms What   is there ? What is it  like ? The metaphysician attempts to clarify the fundamental notions by which people understand the world, e.g., existence, objects and their properties, space and time, cause and effect, and possibility.

8. The study is based upon acquiring knowledge by 1. Materialism:  everything is explained in terms of matter. Monistic concept of matter is followed in materialism. 2. Idealism:  every thing exists because of some supreme idea. The defect of this concept is that, we cannot formulate an idea without previous experience. To meet with this problem, the idealists believed in the concept of ‘God’ as a supreme power (Plato) 3. Mechanism:  ’State of being’ is explained on the basis of purely mechanical forces. Things were explained on the basis of physico -chemical laws, mass, particle and atomic theory. 4. Teleology:  every thing in the universe is created for some purpose.

9. Pre-Socratic metaphysics in Greece Thales aimed to explain natural phenomena via a rational explanation that referenced natural processes themselves rather than assuming that they were the result of supernatural processes. He assumed that the Water is a first principle . Thales also taught that the world is harmonious, has a harmonious structure, and thus is intelligible to rational understanding.

10. Socrates and Plato Socrates is known for his dialectic or questioning approach to philosophy . Socrates favored   truth  as the highest value, proposing that it could be discovered through reason and logic in discussion: The purpose of the dialectic method of reasoning is resolution of disagreement through rational discussion, and ultimately, the search for truth.

11. Plato is famous for his theory of forms.   Platonic realism  is a philosophical term usually used to refer to the idea of realism regarding the existence of universals or abstract objects.

12. Aristotle’s branching Aristotle’s   Metaphysics  was divided into three parts, which are now regarded as the proper branches of traditional Western metaphysics: ONTOLOGY :   The study of being and existence; includes the definition and classification of entities, physical or mental, the nature of their properties, and the nature of change.

13. NATURAL THEOLOGY :   The study of a God or Gods; involves many topics, including among others the nature of religion and the world, existence of the divine, questions about Creation, and the numerous religious or spiritual issues that concern humankind in general.

14. UNIVERSAL SCIENCE    :   The study of first principles, such as the law of non contradiction, which Aristotle believed were the foundation of all other inquiries. It states that contradictory statements cannot both be true in the same sense at the same time. e.g. I am both standing up and sitting down right now. A student cannot be marked as both present and absent for the same class period.

15. EPISTEMOLOGY It   is the branch of philosophy concerned with the nature and scope of knowledge. It questions what knowledge is, how it is acquired, and to what extent it is possible for a given subject or entity to be known . Much of the debate in this field has focused on analyzing the nature of knowledge and how it relates to connected notions such as truth, belief, and justification. Belief, faith (trust ): that something will prove to be useful or successful. To believe that the sky is blue is to accept the proposition “The sky is blue” as true, even if one cannot see the sky. To believe is to accept as true.

16. Truth it is a fact or reality. Epistemologists argue over whether belief is the proper truth-bearer Justification knowledge  is justified true belief, in order to know that a given proposition is true, one must not only believe the relevant truth, but one must also give good reasoning for doing so.

17. BRANCHES OF EPISTEMOLOGY Empiricism  it   is a theory of knowledge that asserts that knowledge comes only or primarily from experience. It gives importance to evidence, experimentation and observation.

18. Skepticism   it is the complete justification of the truth. In order to completely prove any statement, its justification itself needs to be supported by another justification. This chain can do three possible options   infinitism , where this chain of justification can go on forever. foundationalism, where the chain of justifications eventually relies on basic beliefs or axioms that are left unproven. coherentism , is making the chain circular so that a statement is included in its own chain of justification

19. I dealism  the theories are mentally constructed or immaterial. Rationalism   states that reason is a source of knowledge or justification”. In more technical terms, it is a method or a theory “in which the criterion of the truth is not sensory but intellectual and deductive” Constructivism  it is a view in philosophy according to which all knowledge is a compilation of human-made constructions not the neutral discovery of an objective truth.

20. LOGIC Logic is the study of the principles of correct reasoning. It is the  study of principles and methods of reasoning or arguments and conclusions. Conclusions are formed from these arguments. Aristotle was the first person to use use   “ logic “ as the subject of reasoning. The  Organon  is the standard collection of Aristotle’s six works on logic.

21. Important  properties the logical systems Consistency   :  which means that no theorem of the system contradicts another.it must not be subjected to changes Validity  :  the logic must be valid and true so that the inference acquired after the application of that logic will never go wrong. Completeness  :  the logic must be complete in all aspects andnothing needs to be added to it. Soundness  :  having the property of preserving truth.it also describes the completeness and validity of the statement.

22. The  Novum Organum is a philosophical  work  by Francis Bacon. In this he mentioned about different types of logic. Logic is often divided into three parts, I nductive logic A bductive logic D eductive logic

23. Deductive logic It is also called "top-down ” logic. In this particular conclusions are made from universal general statement. The conclusion derived at the end is necessarily true. EX   :  All oranges are fruits All fruits grow on trees Therefore , all oranges grow on trees

24. Inductive logic It is also called "bottom-up ” logic. It derives a general conclusion from a particular examples. EX   :  All of the swans we have seen are white . Therefore , all swans are white.

25. Abductive logic It accounts for data description of a statement to a hypothesis that accounts for the reliable data and seeks to explain relevant evidence. EX   :    Data statement - the soil is wet           Hypothesis - it rained yesterday. Inference - it rained yesterday that’s the reason why the soil is wet.

26. ETHICS : Ethics , also known as  moral philosophy   that involves systematizing, defending, and recommending concepts of right and wrong conduct. It is concerned with human conduct, character and values. Ethics helps to differentiate between good and bad or right and wrong.

27. AESTHETICS  : Aesthetics  is a branch of philosophy dealing with the nature of art, beauty, and taste, with the creation and appreciation of beauty. It is a “critical reflection on art, culture and nature. It includes sculptures , art, literature, painting, music , of different cultures and regions.

28. SOCIAL AND POLITICAL PHILOSOPHY It   is the study of government and the relationship of individuals to communities including the state. It includes questions about justice, law, property, and the rights and obligations of the citizen. Politics and ethics are traditionally inter-linked subjects, as both discuss the question of what is good and how people should live.

29. According to Stuart Close SCHOOLS OF PHILOSOPHY  : MATERIALISM :    facts of experience must be confirmed by reality as a material substance . T his believes only in things which are seen, tangible, physical matter. IDEALISM: explains the whole universe , things and there relations . only deal with what the idea is and how they became aware of it? SUBSTANTIALISM :   it believes in existence of real beings.it says that sources or underlying causes which forms ground to other phenomenon can be material or immaterial in origin. EX   : magnets,gravity,sound etc.

30. To acquire knowledge, one must study; but to acquire wisdom, one must observe