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The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]

The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
The Internet of things (IoT) describes devices with sensors, processing ability, software and other technologies that connect and exchange data with other devices and systems over the Internet or other communications networks.[1][2][3][4][5] The Internet of things encompasses electronics, communication, and computer science engineering. "Internet of things" has been considered a misnomer because devices do not need to be connected to the public internet; they only need to be connected to a network[6] and be individually addressable.[7][8]

The field has evolved due to the convergence of multiple technologies, including ubiquitous computing, commodity sensors, and increasingly powerful embedded systems, as well as machine learning.[9] Older fields of embedded systems, wireless sensor networks, control systems, automation (including home and building automation), independently and collectively enable the Internet of things.[10] In the consumer market, IoT technology is most synonymous with "smart home" products, including devices and appliances (lighting fixtures, thermostats, home security systems, cameras, and other home appliances) that support one or more common ecosystems and can be controlled via devices associated with that ecosystem, such as smartphones and smart speakers. IoT is also used in healthcare systems.[11]
he extensive set of applications for IoT devices[31] is often divided into consumer, commercial, industrial, and infrastructure spaces.[32][33]

Consumers
A growing portion of IoT devices is created for consumer use, including connected vehicles, home automation, wearable technology, connected health, and appli

1. Introduction To Internet Of Things (IOT)

2. Internet of Things  refers to the network of physical devices, vehicles, home appliances, and other items embedded with electronics, software,  sensors , and network connectivity, allowing them to collect and exchange data The IoT enables these devices to interact with each other and with the environment and enables the creation of smart systems and services. Examples: Home appliances: smart TV, smart refrigerator, smart AC, etc. Smart phones and computers Wearables : smart watch, smart sensors, etc. Automobiles like self-driving cars Energy systems Retail : smart payment Printers Industrial machines Healthcare: smart watch, smart healthcare, etc. Surveillance: smart cameras, smart trackers, etc.

3. Characteristics of the Internet of Things

4. Physical Design of IoT :

5. The  physical design  of an  IoT  system is referred to as the Things/Devices and protocols that are used to build an IoT system. All these things/Devices are called Node Devices and every device has a unique identity that performs remote sensing, actuating,   and monitoring work, and the protocols that are used to establish communication between the Node devices and servers over the internet Things in IoT refers to IoT devices. Things have unique identities. Things can perform sensing, actuation, and monitoring Things can exchange data with other connected devices and applications, collect data from other devices, and process the data either locally or send it to centralized servers or cloud. IoT devices can have several interfaces like: I/O interfaces for sensors Interface for Internet connectivity Memory and storage connectivity interfaces Audio/video interfaces

6. An IoT device provides connectivity interfaces like USB, RJ45, etc. It contains a microcontroller or processor for computation tasks. It provides audio/video interfaces like HDMI, RCA, 3.5mm audio channel. It contains memory interfaces like DDR . It might support graphics by providing a separate Graphical Processing Unit (GPU), it provides storage interfaces like MMC, SDIO. Finally , it might provides different I/O interfaces for connecting sensors and actuators like UART, SPI, I2C and CAN .

7. PROTOCOLS A protocol is a set of rules that governs the communication between two or more devices. A protocol defines the rules, syntax, semantics and synchronization of communication and possible error recovery methods .

8. PROTOCOL

9. Link Layer Protocols The link layer is responsible for establishing and terminating links between the nodes. The packets or datagrams travel through these links. The link layer also defines the format of packet that is to be communicated across the link and is responsible for physical addressing. The link layer also handles error detection, retransmission, flow control and access of the link. Protocols generally used at this layer are Ethernet, Wi-Fi, WiMax , LR-WPAN, cellular technologies, etc .

10. Network Layer Protocols The main role of the network layer is transfer the packet from sender to receiving host. The network layer also handles routing, which involves selecting the next node and forwarding the packets across the communication path. The network layer is also responsible for logical addressing (like IP address) and for congestion control which prevents the network from being overloaded with traffic.   Different protocols at network layer are: IPv4 (32-bit addresses) IPv6 (128-bit addresses) 6LoWPAN (IPv6 over Low power Wireless Personal Area Network)  

11. Transport Layer Protocols The main role of transport layer is providing end-to-end communication between the applications running on hosts. The transport layer provides a logical communication channel through which the end applications can communicate with each other. The transport layer is implemented on the end hosts. It is not present in the routers. The transport layer is also responsible for the reliable delivery of the message across the end nodes, flow control and multiplexing and demultiplexing of the channels at end nodes.   Different protocols at transport layer are: TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) UDP (User Datagram Protocol)

12. Application Layer Protocols The application layer is where the users of an IoT application interact with the IoT application/system. The application layer allows the users to interact with the IoT sensors and access other services provided by the communication network. The application layer provides services like authentication, naming, message formatting, email, etc, to the users.   Different protocols at application layer are: HTTP ( HyperText Transfer Protocol) – Uses TCP, Stateless, Request-Response Model

13. CoAP (Constrained Application Protocol) – Uses UDP, Request-Response Model   MQTT (Message Queue Telemetry Transport) – Follows publish-subscribe model – No security – Used with low power devices   XMPP (Extensible Messaging and Presence Protocol) – Real-time communication, For sending XML data  

14. AMQP (Advanced Message Queuing Protocol) – Supports both point-to-point and publisher-subscriber models – High performance and secure protocol – Uses TCP   WebSocket – Full-duplex connection over a single socket connection – Uses TCP   DDS (Data Distribution Service) – Middleware standard, Reliable than MQTT – Follows publish-subscribe model – Uses UDP

15. A logical design for an IoT system A logical design for an IoT system is the actual design of how its components (computers, sensors, and actuators) should be arranged to complete a particular function. It doesn’t go into the depth of describing how each component will be built with low-level programming specifics.

16. Iot Functional Blocks

17. The device block contains sensing, actuation, monitoring and control functions for controlling the devices. The device block interacts with the communication block. The communication block contains different protocols (wired or wireless) through which the data moves from devices to Internet and from Internet to devices. The services block acts as a middleware which can provide services like device identification, device discovery, or data processing and analysis   The users of an IoT application interacts with the application block. It provides user interface with which the user can access the data sent by the sensors, perform operations on that like aggregation, simplification, etc. and visualize that data.   The application interface can also provide control functions for controlling the sensors, actuators or functionality of the application. The management block allows us to manage the other blocks like device, services, communication, application, and security. The security block provides different security services like confidentiality, integrity, availability, and authentication.

18. IoT Communication Models Internet of things supports different communication models between the entities in an IoT system. These communication models are: Request-Response Model Publish-Subscribe Model Push-Pull Model Exclusive Pair Model

19. Request-Response Model Example When we search a query on a browser then the browser submits an HTTP request to the server and then the server returns a response to the browser(client).

20. Publish-Subscribe Model Example: On the website many times we subscribed to their newsletters using our email address. These email addresses are managed by some third-party services and when a new article is published on the website it is directly sent to the broker and then the broker sends these new data or posts to all the subscribers

21. Push-Pull Model Example: When we visit a website we saw a number of posts that are published in a queue and according to our requirements, we click on a post and start reading it.

22. Exclusive Pair Model Web Socket based communication API is fully based on this model. The server has a record of all open communication