IPM in rice

ipm in rice constitute how to manage the pest attack in crop by applying some IPM tools which suppress the labor cost and increase the economic value.

1. Insect pest complex of rice and their management ANSHUMAN SEMWAL(17261) msC 2 ND YEAR Agriculture (entomology)

2. introduction Rice is grown in over 70 % of the area in Asia and it forms a staple food for about 2.8 billion people. About 1400 insects covering 100 species are reported is the world to feed on this crop, of which about 20 species are of Economic significance from different parts of the country. The yield loss in rice is about 24-35 % with a loss to the tune of Rs. 100 crores/year. A bout 10-12 pests are important causing significant damage. Fao (1984)

3. Crop Losses Due to Pests National Importance Insects: Leaf folder , yellow Stem Borer, BPH, WBPH, GLH, GM, Gundhi bug Regional Importance Swarming caterpillar , thrips , case worm, hispa, mites Upcoming insect pest Mealy bug, mites, black bug, blue beetle NCIPM (2013-14)

4. Cropping pattern High yielding Varity Change in nutrient use pattern Change in rainfall & temp. pattern Factors responsible for change in insect pest scenario Cropping pattern Insects Rice-rice-rice YSB, LF, BPH, WBPH, GM, GLH Rice-wheat YSB, LF, BPH Rice-rice-fallow GM, LF, BPH, WBPH Evolution of new biotypes Resistance to pesti cide

5. Pesticide Consumption in India Insect 1.STEM BORER 2.GALL MIDGE 3.GREEN LEAF HOPPER 1.BPH 2.YSM 3.GM (3BIOTYPE) 4.GLH 5.WBPH 1.YSM 2.GM (4 BIOTYPE) 3.LEAF FOLDER 4.BPH 5.GLH 6.WBPH 7.CUTWORM 8.GUNDHI BUG 9.HISPA 1.YSM 2.GM (5 BIOTYE) 3.LEAF FOLDER 4.BPH 5.GLH 6.WBPH 7.CUTWORM 8.GUNDHI BUG 9.HISPA 10.THRIPS 11.MITES 12.ROOT WEVIL 13.BLACK BUG YSM 2.GM (>13 BIOTYPE) 3.LEAF FOLDER 4.BPH 5.GLH 6.WBPH 7.CUTWORM 8.GUNDHI BUG 9.HISPA 10.THRIPS 11.MITES 12.ROOT WEVIL 13.BLACK BUG 14.MEALY BUG 15.BLUE BEETLE YEAR 1965 1975 1985 1995 2009 INCREASE 100% 167% 300% 433% 500% CHANGING SCENARIO OF INSECT PESTS IN RICE NCIPM (2013)

6. Maximise crop production with minimum input costs. Minimise environmental pollution in soil, water and air due to pesticides. Minimise occupational health hazards due to chemical pesticides. Preserve ecosystem and maintain ecological equilibrium. No or less use of chemical pesticides for minimum pesticide residues. To improve farming systems. NEED OF IPM

7. IPM Integrated Pest Management

8. Representative growth stages of the rice plant showing the associated major insect pests Stem borer Thrips Whorl maggot Caseworms Stem borers Gall midge Army worm Leaf folder ,Rice hispa BPH GLH WBPH Stem borer Rice ear head bug Rice ear head bug Seedling and nursery stage Vegetative stage Reproductive stage Rippening stage

9. CROP STAGE PESTS ETL Nursery Yellow stem borer 1 egg mass/m ² Rice thrips Early to late tillering Leaf folder 2 fully damaged leaves(FDL) with larva/hill Stem borer 2 egg mass/m or 10% dead heart or 1 moth/m or 25 moth/trap/week Gall midge 1 gall/m ² or 10% silver shoot Brown plant hopper/WBPH 10-15 hoppers/hill Rice case worm 2 FDL/hill Rice hispa 2 adults or 2 dead leaf/hill Swarming caterpillar 1 damaged tiller/hill or 2 larvae/m ² INSECT ETL AT DIFFERENT CROP STAGES

10. CROP STAGE PESTS ETL Panicle initiation Stem borers 2 egg mass/m ² or 1 moth/m or 25 moth/trap/week Leaf folders 2 FDL/hill BPH/WBPH 15-20 hoppers/hill Swarming caterpillar/cut worm 1 damaged tiller/hill or 2 larvae/m ² Flowering to milky grain Gundhi bug 2 bugs/hill Rice panicle mite No ETL INSECT ETL AT DIFFERENT CROP STAGES

11. Insect pest at nursery stage RICE THRIPS STEM BORER

12. IPM PRACTICES AT NURSERY STAGE Cultural practice: Rice Thrips - Flooding to submerge the infested field for 2 days as a cultural control practice is very effective against the rice thrips . Rice stem borer- Clipping the tips of seedlings. use short duration variety. Community-wide destruction of diapausing larvae (in stubble). Seedling treatment with chlorpyriphos 20 Ec @0.02%     Jain P.C. (2012)

13. Mechanical Control Rice thrips Use of jute bage treat with kerosene oil . Stem borer- Leaf clipping. Collection and destruction of egg mass. Use of mechanical devices- Light trap @ 2 trap/ha. Pheromone trap @ 18-20 trap/ha. Resistant varity No resistent varity for rice thrips . Stem borer- Ratna , Sasyasree , Vikas , HKR 46, NDGR 21, Pantdhan 6

14. IPM PRACTICES IN VEGETATIVE PHASE STEM BORER LEAF FOLDER RICE HISPA CASE WORM WHORL MAGGOT GALL MIDGE

15. Insect Cultural practices Rice whorl maggot Proper drainage of water Covering with Azolla and Salvinia molesta . Direct-seeded. Close planting . Rice stem borer Clipping the tips of seedlings. use short duration variety. Community-wide destruction of diapausing larvae (in stubble). Rice case worm Wider hill spacing (30 x 20 cm). Early planting . Draining of fields. Use of older seedlings. Judicious use of nitrogen fertilizer. Cultural practices

16. GALL MIDGE Control of grassy weed Draining of rice fields. Avoiding staggered planting Judicious use of nitrogen fertilizer. RICE HISPA Clipping and destruction of the top three-fourths of the leaves of highly Removal of rice ratoons Top dressing nitrogen fertilizer RICE LEAF FOLDER Early planting Wider spacing (22.5 x 20 cm and 30 x 20 cm) Avoid over-fertilization Maintenance of non-rice habitats Cultural practices

17. INSECT PEST RESISTANT VARIETIES Rice whorl maggot No resistant variety Rice stem borer Ratna , Sasyasree , Vikas , HKR 46, NDGR 21, Pantdhan 6, Rice case worm ARC6626, ARC10651, ARC10696, BKN6323, Brengut , BW78, CO 28, Laki 396, and ROK2. Rice gall midge Bhadrakali , Pavitra , Panchami , Triguna , lndursamba , Shiva, Vasundhara , IR 36 Rice hispa OR165-94-1 and KAU1945 Rice leaf folder Ptb 21, Ptb 33, TKMI, TKM2, TKM6, Muthumanikam , RESISTANT VARIETIES

18. Mechanical control Leaf clipping- stem borer and rice hispa. Collection and destruction of egg masses- stem borer. Cutting of leaf blade- rice hispa. Rope pulling- for dislodging case worm and leaf folder. Hand pulling of affected part and destruction- dead heart rice stem borer. Hand picking – leaf folder. Collection and destruction- larvae of case worm.

19. MECHANICAL DEVICES PHEROMONE TRAP LIGHT TRAP STICKY TRAP USE FOR CONTROL AND MONITORING OF STEM BORER,LEAF FOLDER.CASEWORM USE FOR CONTROL AND MONITORING FLYING SMALL INSECTS USE FOR CONTROL AND MONITORING OF STEM BORER,LEAF FOLDER.CASEWORM

20. BIOLOGIAL CONTROL AGENT

21. Insect pest Biological control Rice whorl maggot Egg parasitoid – trichogrammatid Larval parasitoid – eulophid & braconid Predators – ephydrid flies , spiders, Rice stem borer Egg parasitoids – trichogrammatid , scelionid , & eulophid wasp Predators – tettigonid & gryllid feed on eggs, carabid beetle feed on larva, spider feed on adult Rice case worm Parasitoid – trichogrammatid & braconid wasp Predators – dytiscid beetle (water beetle ) Spider ( lycosa pseudoannulata ) Biological control of rice insects

22. Rice gall midge Larval parasitoids – platygasterid , euplemid , pteromalid wasp Predator – spider feed on adult midges Rice hispa The role of natural enemies has not been fully assesed . However, several braconid wasps parasitize the larva Rice leaf folder Egg parasitoids – trichogrammatid , Larval and pupal parasitoids – braconid , ichneumonid , chalcid , elasmid & encyrtid wasps Predators – crickets ( feed on egg), damselflies, ants and beetles prey on larva, spider capyure adult moth Biological control

23. HOST PLANT RESISTANCE INSECT PEST DONORS RESISTANCE VARITY Stem borer TKM-6 Ratna,Vikas,Sasyashree Gall midge CR-143, Leuang-152, Ptb-10, Ptb-18 ,Ptb-21, Siam-29 Sneha , Bhuban,Shaktiman , Abhaya , Divya , Ruchi , Vibhava,Kshira , Lalat , MDU 3, Pothana,Suraksha , Tara, Rashmi , Karna Mahavir , Neela , Rajendradhan202

24. BOTANIAL INSECTICIDES Foliar spray-NSEK @5% or neem oil 0.5% or neem based commercial pesticide 300ppm @2.5 l/ha. Other– Margocide ok 80%,Achook, Nimbicidine NCIPM (2012)

25. Insect pest Chemical control Rice whorl maggot Rice stem borer Carbofuran 3% CG @ 25000-66600 g/ha or cartap hydrochloride 4% granules @ 18750 g/ha or cartap hydrochloride 50% SP @ 1000 g/ha. Rice case worm Spray carbaryl 10% DP @ 25000 g/ha. Rice gall midge Application of carbofuran 3% CG @ 25000-66600 g/ha or fipronil 0.3% GR @16670-25000 g/ha at 20 days after transplanting. Rice hispa Spray quinalphos 25% gel @ 1000 ml/ha or chlorpyrifos 20% EC @ 1250 ml/ha. Rice leaf folder Spray cartap hydrochloride 4% granules @ 18750-25000 g/ha or cartap hydrochloride 50% SP @ 1000 g/ha Chemical control of rice insects NCIPM (2012)

26. IPM PRACTICES IN REPRODUCTIVE PHASE OF CROP BPH WBPH GLH GUNDHI BUG

27. INSECT PEST CULTURAL CONTROL GLH Sensible use of fertilizer by splitting nitrogen applications Draining rice fields using early-maturing varieties Synchronous planting (planting neighboring fields within 3 weeks) BPH Transplanting older seedlings (>3 weeks) also reduces viral disease Avoid planting at peak activity period Early planting Crop rotation with a non-rice crop WBPH Sensible use of fertilizer by splitting nitrogen applications Draining rice fields Using early-maturing varieties Synchronous planting (planting neighboring fields within 3 weeks Rice gundhi bug Eliminate grassy weeds Avoid stagerred planting CULTURAL CONTROL

28. MECHANICAL CONTROL Alternate wetting and drying- control of BPH Hand picking – Rice Gundhi Bug Use of jute bag treated with kerosene oil-BPH Mechanical devices- Sticky traps- For flying insects BPH,GLH,WBPH Application rates @50-60 traps/ha. Light traps-for BPH,GLH,WBPH. Application rates @2traps/ha.

29. INSECT PEST RESISTANT VARIETIES GLH Vikramarya , Nidhi , IR 24, Radha , Mahananda and Kunti . BPH Vijetha , Chaitanay , Krishnaveni , Pratibha , Vajram , pant dhan11 WBPH HKR 120, HKR 126, HKR 228, PR 108, Menher, Pant dhan 10, Pant dhan 11, Rice gundhi bug Sneha RESISTANT VARIETIES Jain P.C. (2012)

30. INSECT PEST BIOLOGICAL CONTROL GLH Egg parasitoids - Trichogrammatid , mymarid wasp, Nymphs & adult parasitoids – pipunculid flies, drynid wasps Predator - Mirid bug, dragon fly, damsel fly, spiders, aquatic veliid bugs BPH Egg parasitoids – mymarid wasp, trichogrammatid , eulophid wasp, Nymph & adult parasitoids – elencid strepsiterans , drynid wasp Predators – mirid bug, dytiscid beetle, immature forms of dragon & damsel fly WBPH Parasitoids – drynid wasp Predators – mirid bug, immature forms of dragon fly & damsel fly, staphylinid beetles, lygaeid bugs, carabid beetles Rice gundhi bug Parasitoid - Scelionid wasp, Predators – grasshopper prey on eggs, spider prey on nymph BIOLOGICAL CONTROL

31. HOST PLANT RESISTANCE INSECTS PEST DONORS RESISTENCE VARITY BPH ARC-5984,ARC-650, Karivennel,Leb Mue , Nhang , Ptb-10, Ptb-18,Ptb-21 Vijetha , Chaitanay , Krishnaveni , Pratibha , Vajram , pant dhan11 WBPH Ptb-33 HKR 120, HKR 126, HKR 228, PR 108, Menher, Pant dhan 10, Pant dhan 11 GLH Ptb-2,W-1263 Vikramarya , Nidhi , IR 24, Radha , Mahananda and Kunti . Dhaliwal and Atwal (2014)

32. BOTANICALS INSECTICIDES Foliar spray-NSEK @5% or neem oil 0.5% or neem based commercial pesticide 300ppm @2.5 l/ha. Other – Margocide ok 80%,Achook, Nimbicidine

33. Insect pest Chemical control GLH Imidacloprid 200SL @125 ml/ha for foliar apllication . Thiamethom BPH Spray of imidacloprid 70% WG @ 30-35 ml/ha or imidacloprid 30.5% m/m SC @ 60-75 ml/ha or ethofenoprox 10% EC @ 500-750 ml/ha or acephate 75% SP @ 300-500 g/ha or buprofezin 25% SC @ 800 ml/ha WBPH Spray of imidacloprid 70% WG @ 30-35 ml/ha or imidacloprid 30.5% m/m SC @ 60-75 ml/ha or ethofenoprox 10% EC @ 500-750 ml/ha or acephate 75% SP @ 300-500 g/ha or buprofezin 25% SC @ 800 ml/ha Rice gundhi bug Imidacloprid 200SL @ 0.05 % (2.5 ml/l) seed treatment Imidacloprid 200SL @125 ml/ha for foliar apllication Chemical control

34. THANKS………