Ipv4 presentation

IPv4 presentation

1. IPv4 group member : SHAKEEL KHAN TAJAMMUL SHAH

2. Internet Protocol The Internet Protocol (IP) is the principal communications protocol in the Internet protocol suite for relaying datagrams across network boundaries. OR An IP address is an identifier for a particular machine on a particular network. It is part of a scheme to identify computers on the internet. IP address consists of 2 components the network id and the host id.

3. IPv4 Internet Protocol version 4 (IPv4) is the fourth version in the development of the Internet Protocol (IP) Internet, and routes most traffic on the Internet . IPv4 is a connectionless protocol for use on packet-switched networks. Most widely used protocol at present

4. IPv4 Addresses An IPv4 address is a 32-bit address that uniquely and universally defines the connection of a device (for example, a computer or a router) to the Internet. The IPv4 addresses are unique and universal. They are unique in the sense that each address defines one, and only one, connection to the Internet. The IPv4 addresses are universal in the sense that the addressing system must be accepted by any host that wants to be connected to the Internet.

5. Address Space An address space is the total number of addresses used by the protocol. IPv4 allows 2 32 unique address which section of IP address show the network id & which section show the machine or host id depend on the class network. IPv4 uses 32-bit addresses, which means that the address space is 2 32 or 4,294,967,296 . This means that, if there were no restrictions, more than 4 billion devices could be connected to the Internet.

6. Notation There are two prevalent notations to show an IPv4 address: 1)binary notation 2)dotted-decimal notation.

7. binary notation vs Dot-decimal notation In binary notation, the IPv4 address is displayed as 32 bits. Each octet is often referred to as a byte. The following is an example of an IPv4 address in binary notation: 01110101 10010101 00011101 00000010 Dot-decimal notation is a presentation format for numerical data. The following is an example of an IPv4 address in DD notation:

8. Rules for Ipv4 notations There must be no leading zero (045). There can be no more than four numbers in an IPv4 address. Each number needs to be less than or equal to 255 . A mixture of binary notation and dotted-decimal notation is not allowed.

9. IPv4 classes There are five classes of IP addresses :- Class A Class B Class C Class D Class E

10. Class A The first byte is a network id (8 bits) & the last 3 bytes are for host id (24 bits). The first bit is ‘0’. Range of network number-1.0.0.0 to 126.0.0.0 Number of possible networks-127(1-126 usable , 127 is reserve) Number of possible values in the host portion-16,777,216 It is used for large network .

11. Class B The first 2 bytes are a network id (16 bits ) & the last 2 bytes are for host id (16 bits). The first 2 bits are ‘10’. Range of network number- 128.0.0.0 to 191.255.0.0 Number of possible networks- 16,384 Number of possible values in the host portion- 65536 Used for medium size network.

12. Class C The first 3 bytes are a network id (24 bits ) & the last 1 byte are for host id (8 bit). The first 3 bits are ‘110’. Range of network number- 192.0.0.0 to 223.255.255.0 Number of possible networks- 2,097,152 Number of possible values in the host portion- 256 Used in local area network(LAN).

13. Class D An IP address which belong to class D has the first octet has its 4bit set to ‘1110’. Range of network number- 224.0.0.0 to 239.255.255.255 Used for multicasting

14. Class E It reserved for experimental & for future testing purpose . Range of network number- 240.0.0.0 to 255.255.255.254

15. Mask Although the length of the network id and host id (in bits) is predetermined in classful addressing, we can also use a mask (also called the default mask ), a 32-bit number made of contiguous 1s followed by contiguous 0s. The concept does not apply to classes D and E .

16. Mask C ont … The mask can help us to find the network id and the host id For example , the mask for a class A address has eight 1s, which means the first 8 bits of any address in class A define the network id ; the next 24 bits define the host id . The last column of Table shows the mask in the form /n where n can be 8, 16, or 24 in classful addressing. This notation is also called slash notation or Classless Interdomain Routing (CIDR) notation.

17. Problems of IPv4 Insufficiency Only four bytes Maximum nodes ~ 4.3 billion Much less than the human population (6.799 billion) Not enough for growing number of users Will be exhausted in near future Increasing routing information Rapid growth of routing tables in backbones Increasing the number of Network Address Translation Breaking the Internet architecture

18. Cont … Security issues Number of ways to encrypt IPv4 traffic Example : IPSec No real standard encryption method Real-time delivery of multimedia content and necessary bandwidth allocation Quality of Service ( QoS ) Different interpretations QoS compliant devices are not compatible one another

19. Any Question…

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