Iron definition Anemia Riphah international (1).pptx

This describe a detailed overview of iron definition and the common symptom know as anemia. Anemia is a condition in which the body has a lower-than-normal number of red blood cells or an insufficient amount of hemoglobin, the protein that carries oxygen in the blood. This results in reduced oxygen delivery to tissues, causing symptoms like fatigue, weakness, pale skin, shortness of breath, and dizziness. It can develop due to various causes, including blood loss, decreased red blood cell production (as in iron, vitamin B12, or folate deficiency), or increased destruction of red blood cells (hemolysis). The severity and type of anemia depend on its underlying cause, and treatment focuses on addressing that cause — such as iron supplements for iron deficiency or treating chronic diseases that impair blood formation.

1. Iron definition Anemia

2. Iron deficiency anemia is a medical condition characterized by a deficiency of iron in the body, leading to a decrease in the production of red blood cells (RBCs) and a decrease in the amount of oxygen transported in the blood. Iron is essential for the production of hemoglobin, a protein in red blood cells that binds to oxygen and carries it from the lungs to the rest of the body . mportance of Iron in Hemoglobin Formation Hemoglobin Structure: Hemoglobin is a protein in red blood cells composed of four subunits, each containing a heme group with an iron (Fe²⁺) atom at its center. Oxygen Binding: Iron binds reversibly to oxygen molecules, allowing hemoglobin to pick up oxygen in the lungs and release it in tissues. Transport Efficiency: Without iron, hemoglobin cannot function properly, leading to reduced oxygen delivery and symptoms of anemia like fatigue and weakness.

3. Iron distribution in the body Hemoglobin= 70% ---------------------02 transport Myoglobin = 10% ------------------------- 02 storage and release Enzymes & proteins = 6% ----------------- metabolism Ferritin & Hemosiderin = 25% -----------------iron storage in liver , bone marrow & spleen

4. factors causing IDA Iron deficiency anemia can be caused by various factors: inadequate dietary intake of iron poor absorption of iron from the diet (such as in conditions like celiac disease or inflammatory bowel disease) chronic blood loss like gastrointestinal bleeding a increased iron requirements (such as during pregnancy).

5. Sign &symptoms of IDA When the body lacks sufficient iron, it cannot produce an adequate amount of hemoglobin, resulting in a decreased oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood. This can lead to symptoms such as fatigue, weakness, shortness of breath, pale skin, dizziness, headache, cold hands and feet, brittle nails, and an increased susceptibility to infections . In severe cases, iron deficiency anemia can impair cognitive function and physical performance .

6. laboratory diagnosis Blood Count (CBC): Hemoglobin ( Hb ): [Value] g/ dL Hematocrit ( Hct ): [Value] %. Mean Corpuscular Volume (MCV): [Value] fL =Decreased , suggestive of microcytic anemia. Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin (MCH): [Value] pg =Decreased . Mean Corpuscular Hemoglobin Concentration (MCHC): [Value] g/ dL : Decreased. Red Blood Cell Count (RBC): [Value] x10^6/ μ L Decreased.

7. hemoglobin (<7 mg/dl a low serum iron (<7.1 µg/l) a low serum ferritin (storage form of iron) (<30 ng /l),

8. Peripheral Blood Smear Examination: Microcytic, hypochromic red blood cells observed, indicative of iron deficiency anemia. Serum Iron Studies: Serum Iron: [Value] μ g/ dL = Decreased . Total Iron-Binding Capacity (TIBC): [Value] μ g/ dL =Increased. Serum Ferritin: [Value] ng /mL=Decreased , confirming iron deficiency.

9. Blood picture of IDA Upon microscopic examination of the peripheral blood smear from a patient with iron deficiency anemia (IDA), several characteristic features are observed: Microcytosis : Red blood cells (RBCs) appear smaller than normal. This is indicative of microcytic anemia, a common feature of IDA. Hypochromia : RBCs exhibit decreased staining intensity, appearing paler than usual due to reduced hemoglobin content per cell. Anisocytosis : There is variability in the size of RBCs, with some being markedly smaller than others. This is a common finding in IDA. Poikilocytosis : The presence of abnormal RBC shapes, such as target cells ( codocytes ), pencil cells, and occasionally, fragmented cells ( schistocytes ), may be observed. Siderocytes : These are RBCs containing iron granules due to increased iron uptake by erythroblasts in the bone marrow, which is a compensatory mechanism in response to iron deficiency .

10. Elliptocytes : In some cases, elliptical or oval-shaped RBCs may be present, although they are more commonly associated with other types of anemia. Decreased RBC Count: The total number of RBCs may be decreased due to the insufficient production of RBCs in the bone marrow as a result of iron deficiency . Normal or Slightly Elevated White Blood Cell (WBC) Count: The WBC count is usually within normal limits, although mild leukocytosis may occur in response to underlying inflammation or infection. Occasional Nucleated Red Blood Cells (NRBCs): In severe cases of IDA, immature RBCs, known as NRBCs, may be present in the peripheral blood due to the bone marrow's attempt to compensate for the decreased RBC production.

11. Bone marrow Hypoprolifertaive bone marrow : leads to decreased RBS production

12. Bone marrow Iron stores in IDA

13. Bone marrow picture in IDA

14. BONE MARROW PICTURE All cell lines are normal except the RBC’S Erythroid hyperplasia will be seen under microscope that shows body compensation for RBC Iron stores are less seen by specil stain Prussian blue stain

15. Treatment Treatment typically involves iron supplementation, either in the form of oral iron supplements or, in severe cases, intravenous iron therapy. Usually Vitamin C is given synergistically to increase the iron absorption