irrigation management in different rice establishment methods.

irrigation management in different rice establishment methods.

1. 1 WELCOME Poojitha K PALM 7008

2. Irrigation management strategies in rice to enhance productivity under different rice ecosystem 2

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5. Rice Rice is one of the most important cereal crop in the world and ranks next to wheat in terms of production. It is the staple food feeding half of the world’s population (FAO, 2004). T he United Nations General Assembly declared 2004 as the “International Year of Rice” (IYR ). Jata and Pavan 5

6. Among cereals, rice is largely produced in our country. About 95% rice grown in the world is consumed in Asia. The per capita consumption of Rice in Asia ranges around 90 to 181 kg annually. Rice, Jata and Pavan 6

7. 7 World (2016-17) India (2015-16) Karnataka (2017-18) Area 161.63 (Million hectare) 434.99 (Lakh hectare) 9.68 (Lakh hectare) Production 487.37(million ton) 104.41 (Million tonnes) 42.1 (lakh tonnes) Productivity 4500 (kg /ha ) 2400 (kg/ha) 3052 (kg/ha) ( Knoema , Annual report 2017-18 Dept. of Agriculture , New Delhi and Anonymous 2018)

8. . Water for agriculture is becoming increasingly scarce ( Rijsberman , 2006). In Asia, about 40% of the fresh water is diverted to irrigate rice land. About 75% of global rice production comes from irrigated land ( Sakthivadivel et al ., 2001). To safe guard food security and preserve precious water resources, ways must be explored to grow rice in less water. 8

9. To produce 1 kg of rice grain 3,000-5000 liters water required, farmers have to supply 2-3 times more water in rice fields than other cereals. (Baker et al. , 1998 ) Increasing water scarcity is becoming real threat to rice cultivation. ( Subramaniam et al. , 2013). The declining per capita freshwater availability necessitates production of rice with limited water, using alternate options to increase WUE and reduces losses. ( Nayak et al., 2016) To meet future food requirements, India need to increase rice productivity by 3 % per annum . ( Thiyagarajan and Selvaraju , 2001) 9

10. Rice ecosystems Irrigated Rainfed low land Upland Flood prone IRRI, 1984 10

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12. 1. Transplanting 12

13. 1. Manual and Mechanical transplanting 13 Manual Transplanting Mechanical Transplanting

14. A. Submergence Maintain 2.5 cm water over the puddled land. Maintain 2 cm of water up to 7 DAT . After the establishment stage, cyclic submergence of water is practiced. This cyclic 5 cm submergence has to be continued throughout the crop period. 14

15. Water requirement under submergence Operation Water requirement (mm) Nursery 40 Land preparation 200 Field irrigation 1000 total 1240 Reddy, 2013 15

16. Depth of submergence at different stages Stages of crop growth Depth of submergence (cm) At transplanting 2 After transplanting for 3 days 5 Three days after transplanting upto maximum tillering 2 At maximum tillering (in fertile fields only) Drain water for three days Maximum tillering to panicle initiation 2 Panicle initiation to 21 days after flowering 5 Twenty one days after flowering Withhold irrigation Reddy, 2013 16

17. Treatments Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) Total water (mm) Water productivity (kg/mm) M1:Drum seeder 5308 6295 1359 4.0 M2: Mechanical transplanting 6088 6924 1313 4.7 M3: Normal transplanting 5926 6886 1325 4.5 SEM± 139 81 0.1 CD (p=0.05) 546 317 0.3 17 Effect of different crop establishment methods on rice yield and water use efficiency Sathish et al., 2016 Hyderabad

18. Advantages of Submergence of water Less weed problem. Fixation of nitrogen by Blue Green A lgae. Increased availability of nutrients such as P, Fe, Mn and silicon. Regulation of soil temperature. Reduction in labour cost. Reddy, 2013 18

19. Disadvantages of Submergence of water High water requirement: 3000–5000 liters of water to produce 1 kg of rice. Deep percolation losses of irrigation water. Leaching of nutrients particularly nitrogen. Iron toxicity. Destruction of soil aggregates. Anaerobic fermentation of soil organic matter: Methane emission. Reddy, 2013 19

20. B. Saturation It is method of irrigation in which the field is saturated up to the panicle initiation by giving 2.5cm irrigation water. After panicle initiation 5cm of standing water is maintained in the field. 20

21. C. Intermittent Submergence OR Alternate wetting and Drying (AWD) Irrigation water is applied to obtain flooded conditions after a certain number of days have elapsed after disappearance of water. Principle : To increase yield per unit transpiration. R educing non-beneficial depletion . E ffective use of rain fall. R educing outflow. Husain et al., 2009 21

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23. AWD is also called Alternate flooding or C ontrolled irrigation Field water tube from PVC A Field tube under Flooded conditions Water at 15 cm depth : Time to irrigate and flood the field again Alternate wetting and drying 23

24. Key Points in AWD Transplant young seedlings into puddled soil. Install a PVC pipe with holes. Start AWD at 10 DAT and allow the field to dry out. Re-flood the field to a standing water layer of 5 cm when the groundwater is 10-15 cm below the soil surface. Keep a standing water layer of 5 cm for 1 week at flowering. Continue AWD cycles after flowering until harvest. Husain et al., 2009 24

25. 1. Grain yield, water and time saved through AWD at farmers field Irrigation methods Applied water(mm) Rainfall (mm) Total (mm) Grain yield(t/ha) Water saved over farmers practice Time saved Irrigation at 3 days after disappearance of ponded water 730 176 906 7.23 29 47 Irrigation following farmer’s practice 1030 176 1206 7.18 - - 25 Husain et al., 2009

26. Water Productivity of Rice under Different Irrigation Regimes 26 Treatments Water Input ( m 3 /ha) Water Productivity ( kg/m 3 ) Liters of Water kg/grain % Of Water Saved Over Flooding NTP- Flood 15995 0.23 4400.275 - NTP- Saturation 12120 0.32 3143.969 24.2263 NTP- AWD 10995 0.37 2699.816 31.2598 Shantappa et al., 2014 Hyderabad Note: NTP: Normal transplanting

27. Advantages : 30-40% of water and 47% of application time can be saved over conventional method. Yield increase over conventional method of rice cultivation. D isadvantages : Weed infestation is high. Needs more labour for weed control. Husain et al., 2009 27

28. 3 . System of R ice Intensification SRI was developed in Madagascar in the early-1980s by Father Henri de Laulanie Formal experimentation started in India 2002-2003. Core principles of SRI Rice is not an aquatic plant. 8-12 day old seedlings. Mechanical weeding. Square planting. Organic source of nutrients. “SRI cuts the water required for irrigated rice by 25-50%. The combination of water reduction together with other SRI practices can increase paddy yields by 50-100 %”. Norman Uphoff 28

29. SRI Irrigation only to moist the soil in the early period of 10 days, restoring irrigation to a maximum depth of 2.5cm after development of hairline cracks in the soil until panicle initiation Increasing irrigation depth to 5.0 cm after PI 1DAPW . Pandiselvi et al. , 2010 29

30. 2. Productivity , water use efficiency and economics of system of rice intensification ( Mean of 36 demonstrations ) Sl. No. Particulars SRI NTP SEM± CD (p=0.05) 1 No. of productive t illers/ m 2 592 490 32.7 66.4 2 Panicle length (cm) 20.5 18.3 0.79 1.62 3 Yield (kg / ha) 5505 4510 69.3 140.6 4 Percent yield increase 22.1 - 5 Total water use (mm) 1119 1511 6 Percent water saving by SRI 35.0 - 7 Water use efficiency (kg /ha/mm 5.28 3.55 8 Benefit - Cost ratio 3.12 2.28 Pandiselvi et al , 2010 Mahibalanpatti , Tamilnadu 30 Variety: ADT 39

31. Treatments Dry matter (g/hill) 90DAT Effective tillers/ m 2 1000 grain weight(g) Grain Yield(t/ha) Straw Yield(t/ha) B:C ratio T1: Irrigation@ 2 DADPW 67.6 257 24.7 6.67 8.43 1.9 T2: Irrigation @ 5 DADPW 65.6 243 23.9 6.52 7.96 1.99 T3: Irrigation @ 8 DADPW 64 221 23 5.85 7.64 1.77 SEM± 0.68 4.81 0.24 0.103 0.121 0.045 CD (p=0.05) 2.67 18.9 0.96 0.403 0.473 0.18 Madane et al. , 2017 BHU, Varanasi. 31 3. Effect of irrigation management on rice under system of rice intensification Note: DADPW- days after disappearance of ponded water. Hybrid: PHB 71

32. Treatments Plant height(cm) Tillers/m 2 1000 grain weight (g) Yield(t/ha) WUE(%) B:C ratio M1:SRI 88.5 481.5 17.8 6.5 68.3 3.37 M2:NTP 93.3 351.8 16.7 4.4 45.9 2.48 M3:MTP 91.7 368.5 17.2 5.0 51.0 2.99 SEM± 0.75 13.05 0.18 0.05 2.0 0.04 CD (p=0.05) 2.9 51.24 0.68 0.19 7.0 0.17 Irrigation Flooding 89.8 377.3 16.6 4.8 38.2 2.64 Saturation 88.1 397.2 17.2 5.3 67.0 2.94 AWD 95.6 427.5 18.0 5.8 59.6 3.26 SEM± 1.52 8.77 0.29 0.17 2.0 0.10 CD (p=0.05) 4.67 27.04 0.89 0.53 7.12 0.32 32 4. Influence of establishment methods and irrigation water levels on growth and yield of rice ( Oryza sativa ) Shantappa et al., 2016 Hyderabad Note: MTP-Mechanical transplanting

33. Advantages of SRI : SRI cuts the water required for irrigated rice by 25-50 % compared to conventional method. Yield Grain yield increase by 10% in SRI. Water productivity increased by 20 %. Disadvantages of SRI : High weed infestation due to AWD method of irrigation. 33

34. 2. Direct seeding 34

35. A. Wet direct seeding or Drum seeder During first one week just wet the soil by thin film of water. Depth of irrigation may be increased to 2.5cm progressively along the crop age. Provide adequate drainage facilities to drain excess water or strictly follow irrigation schedule of 1DAPW . Last irrigation may be 15 days ahead of harvest . TNAU agri portal 35

36. B. Dry direct seeding or Semidry rice In this system seeds are sown in ploughed dry soil with monsoon rains. Whenever water is available after onset of monsoon, it is treated as wet paddy. In command area, anticipating the release of water, rice can be grown under this system upto 45 days. Then the crop is converted to wet land. TNAU agri portal 36

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38. 5. Effect of crop establishment methods and irrigation scheduling on growth and yield of rice Plant height Productive tillers/m 2 NO.of grains/panicle Grain yield (kg/ha) Straw yield (kg/ha) M1: DSR 107.1 341 242 5671 6657 M2: NPMT 89.6 275 204 4579 5363 M3: PT 98.2 316 230 5298 6214 SEd 1.5 5 4 83 99 CD (p=0.05) 4.2 14 10 232 275 I1 97.3 308 223 5141 6009 I2 92.9 283 207 4722 5579 I3 86.9 259 192 4317 5042 I4 108.7 360 252 6005 7117 I5 102.0 321 234 5370 6255 I6 89.5 277 205 4619 5367 I7 110.7 365 262 6104 7177 SEd 2.7 8 6 146 172 CD (p=0.05) 5.5 17 13 296 349 38 I1 : AWD irrigation at 10 cm depletion of ponded water , I2 : AWD irrigation at 15 cm depletion of ponded water, I3 : AWD irrigation at 20 cm depletion of ponded water, I4 : AWD irrigation at 10 cm depletion of ponded water and submergence at flowering, I5 : AWD irrigation at 15 cm depletion of ponded water and submergence at flowering, I6 : AWD irrigation at 20 cm depletion of ponded water and submergence at flowering, I7 : irrigation on the day of disappearance of ponded water. Thanjavur Yogeswari and Porpavai , 2018 DSR: Direct seeded rice NPMT: Non puddled machine transplanting PT: Puddled normal transplanting

39. C. Aerobic rice Aerobic rice is a renewed way of growing rice in non-submerged, un-puddled condition in aerated soils . Regions where rainfall is low(800mm). Irrigation applied to bring the water content in the root zone to field capacity. Rice Science, Chandrasekaran 39

40. Particulars Transplanted rice Aerobic rice Land preparation (mm) 250 - Evapotranspiration (mm) 528 515 Water used in cropping including rainfall (mm) 1050 560 Total water used (mm) 1300 560 Subramanian et al., 2007 40

41. Irrigation regimes Effective tillers/ m 2 1000 grain weight (g) Grain yield(t/ha) Straw yield(t/ha) T1: 3 days interval 315.4 20.6 3.44 4.94 T2: 5 days interval 291.9 20.2 3.21 4.55 T3: 7 days interval 239.3 19.5 2.65 3.98 T4: 9 days interval 210.2 18.8 2.06 3.17 SEM± 5.6 0.2 0.07 0.08 CD (p=0.05) 17.2 0.7 0.23 0.25 Nayak et al. , 2016 Odisha 41 6. Response of aerobic rice to different irrigation regimes Cultivar: Apo

42. Irrigation regimes Irrigation applied(IA) (cm) WR(cm)= IR+ER+SMS FWUE(kg grain/ha-cm ) B:C 3 days interval 125 128.2 26.8 1.4 5 days interval 90 93.3 34.5 1.34 7 days interval 70 73.5 36 1.12 9 days interval 60 63.6 32.3 0.88 SEM± - - 0.8 0.03 CD (p=0.05) - - 2.6 0.09 Nayak et al. , 2016 Odisha 42 Response of aerobic rice to different irrigation regimes

43. Advantages of Aerobic rice : Water saving upto 60-70% over conventional methods. Reduced evaporation. Disadvantages of aerobic rice : High weed infestation. 20- 30% Yield decrease over conventional method.( McCuley , 1990) Rice Science, Chanadrasekaran 43

44. Drip irrigation 44

45. Micro Irrigation System (MIS) coming strongly as effective system for irrigating the paddy crop with more efficient in water use as well as more environment friendly in operation and management. With MIS system we can move towards “more crop per drop” ( Soman, 2012). 45

46. Treatments Irrigation water applied (mm) Effective rainfall (mm) Total water used (mm) Per cent saving of water over flood irrigation WUE (kg ha mm-1) Drip Irrigation 240 167.0 407.3 30.7 17.1 Sprinkler irrigation 252 167.0 419.0 28.7 11.5 Flood Irrigation 420.4 167.0 587.4 - 10.6 Rajeev et al, 2018 Haryana 46 7. On-Farm drip irrigation in Rice for higher productivity and profitability in Haryana, India

47. Rajeev et al., 2018 Haryana 47 On-Farm drip irrigation in Rice for higher p roductivity and p rofitability in Haryana, India

48. 8 . Effects of drip irrigation system for enhancing rice ( O ryza sativa L.) yield under System of Rice Intensification management Treatments Plant height at 60 DAT (cm) Number of tillers at 60 DAT SPAD Values Root length (cm) T1 73.45 217.25 44.81 14.10 T2 73.60 218.20 44.67 15.30 T3 76.45 240.75 45.12 18.23 T4 75.80 232.50 45.00 16.08 T5 74.70 223.50 44.85 15.50 SEM± 0.85 2.92 0.68 0.68 CD (p=0.05) 2.51 8.60 NS 2.01 Rao et al., 2017 Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 48 T1: Conventional practices with continuous flooding. T2: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) crop and water management methods. T3 : SRI management with drip irrigation emitters spaced at 20 cm. T4 : SRI with drip emitters spaced at 30 cm. T5 : SRI with drip emitters spaced at 40 cm.

49. Effects of drip irrigation system for enhancing rice ( Oryza sativa L . ) yield under System of Rice Intensification management Treatments No of effective tillers/m 2 No. of grains / panicle Panicle length (cm) Panicle weight (g) 1000 grain weight (g) Grain yield (t/ha) Straw yield (t/ha) Harvest Index (%) T1 222.25 133.50 25.67 2.78 32.30 3.14 4.30 40.73 T2 242.0 141.0 25.97 3.02 32.96 4.04 4.18 48.08 T3 264.75 161.75 27.52 3.41 33.51 7.07 4.60 61.93 T4 256.25 151.5 26.26 3.37 32.71 6.72 4.34 60.98 T5 253.0 149.0 25.87 3.16 32.59 5.95 4.43 57.72 SEM± 4.49 4.09 0.40 0.07 0.41 0.31 0.13 2.57 CD (p=0.05) 13.25 12.07 1.18 0.22 NS 0.90 0.39 7.59 Rao et al., 2017 49 Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh T1: Conventional practices with continuous flooding. T2: System of Rice Intensification (SRI) crop and water management methods. T3 : SRI management with drip irrigation emitters spaced at 20 cm. T4 : SRI with drip emitters spaced at 30 cm. T5 : SRI with drip emitters spaced at 40 cm.

50. Rao et al., 2017 Bhopal, Madhya Pradesh 50

51. Advantages of drip irrigation : Increase in WUE. Reduce the agrochemical application by f ertigation or chemigation. Eliminates anaerobic decomposition. Quality water can be delivered. Disadvantages of drip irrigation : Higher cost. Skilled labour requirement. Chnadrasekaran 51

52. Conclusion 52

53. Thank you 53