Islamic jurisprudence الفقه الإسلامي

رحلة في الفقه الإسلامي
A Journey in Islamic Jurisprudence

1. A Journey in Islamic Jurisprudence رحلة في الفقه الإسلامي Ghiath Alahmad

2. Main Points Clarification of the concept of Islamic Jurisprudence The purposes of the Jurisprudence Shariah & Jurisprudence Jurisprudence & the man made law The Categories of Action rules The historical stages of the growth of the Jurisprudence The major schools of the Islamic Jurisprudence

3. الفقه Jurisprudence الفقه -Fiqh accurately means to understand deeply الفهم . An example of this is found in the Qur’an in the Dua of Prophet Moses (as) when he asked Allah to remove the impediment from his speech so Pharaoh and his people could understand him very well. { واحلل عقدة من لساني يفقهوا قولي}. “And loosen the knot from my tongue. That they may understand my speech.”

4. الفقه Jurisprudence This usage is also found in the Hadith of the Prophet (صلى الله عليه وسلم) who said, “Whoever Allah intends good for. He gives him understanding of the Deen .” Narrated by Muslim . ”من يرد الله به خ يراً يفقه ه في الدين“. رواه البخاري و مسلم .

5. الفقه في اصطلاح العلماء Jurisprudence According to the Scholars Fiqh according to the scholars has the following meaning: “The collection of rulings or laws, (taken from) Shariah , dealing with actions, by which every Muslim is required to live. It is important to know that these rulings deal with the individual as well as the society.” العلم بالأحكام الشرعيّة العمليّة مُستَمَدَّاً من أدلّتها التفصيليّة

6. شمولية الفقه The Comprehensiveness of Jurisprudence Worship – العبادة this aspect of Jurisprudence is dealing with Prayer, Charity, Fasting, and Hajj. Family Issues - الأسرة this aspect of Jurisprudence is dealing with the family from the beginning to the end. Such as the conditions for a sound marriage divorce and so forth . Transactions - المعاملات this aspect of Jurisprudence is related to how we cooperate with each other in society. An example would be buying and selling goods .

7. شمولية الفقه The Comprehensiveness of Jurisprudence Politics - السياسة this aspect of Jurisprudence deals with the organization of government and governmental organizations in regards to the Muslim nation. Punishment of criminals العقوبات

8. شمولية الفقه The Comprehensiveness of Jurisprudence Peace and war - السلام و الحرب this aspect of Jurisprudence deals with foreign relations with other countries depending on the current condition that exist between the Islamic state and those countries. Ethics and virtue الأخلاق و الفضائل

9. الشريعة Al-Shariah in the Arabic Language شريعة “A watering place; a resort of drinkers (both men and beast); a place to which men come to drink there-from and draw water.”

10. الشريعة في الاصطلاح Al-Shariah in Islamic Terminology “It refers to the sum total of Islamic Laws which were revealed to the Prophet Muhammad {صلى الله عل ي ه و سلم} which are recorded in the Qur’an and the Sunnah ).” الشريعة: هي نصوص القرآن و السنّة المطهّرة

11. الفرق بين الفقه و الشريعة The Differences Between Fiqh and Shariah Fiqh . A body of laws deduced from the Shariah to cover specific situations not covered in the Shariah . القوانين المستمدّة من الشريعة Shariah Shar’eah is the body of laws found both in the Qur`an and Sunnah . القوانين الموجودة في القرآن والسنّة

12. الفرق بين الفقه و الشريعة The Differences Between Fiqh and Shariah Fiqh . Fiqh changes according to the circumstances surrounding it. الفقه يتغير بتغير الظروف المحيطة Shariah Shariah is fixed and unchangeable. الشريعة ثابتة و لا تتغير

13. الفرق بين الفقه و الشريعة The Differences Between Fiqh and Shariah Fiqh . Fiqh laws tend to be specific: they demonstrate how the basic principles of Shariah should be applied in given circumstances. يهدف الفقه إلى الخصوصية. كيفية تطبيق المبادىء الأساسية للشريعة في ظروف معينة Shariah The laws of Shariah are, for the most part, general: they lay down basic principles. الشريعة في جزئها الأكبر عامة، و هي تشكل قوانين أساسيّة

14. Differences between the Islamic Shari`ah and Man-Made Law Divine origin against Human origin. Consequences in this world and the Hereafter against This world only. Development of personal accountability to Allah against Mere loyalty to the law Absolute criteria providing for the benefit of creatures against Popular opinion which may or may not be beneficial

15. Shariah الشريعة Man-Made Law القوانين الوضعيّة Divine origin سماوي Human origin إنساني Consequences in this world and the Hereafter النتائج دنيوية و أخروية Consequences this world only النتائج دنيوية Development of personal accountability to Allah المسؤولية أمام الله Mere loyalty to the law أمام القانون فقط

16. Rulings of Sacred Law

17. Rulings of Sacred Law Prescribed فرض Recommended/ مندوب Permissible مباح Disliked مكروه Forbidden محرم Other terms : Obligatory واجب Mandatory محتم Required لازم Performance : rewarded Non-Performance : punished Other terms : - Sunnah سنّة - Preferable مستحب - Meritorious فضيلة - Desirable مرغوب P : rewarded NP : not punished Other terms: - Allowed P : not rewarded NP : not punished Other terms: - Offensive - Detested P : not punished NP : rewarded Other terms : - Unlawful - Prohibited P : punished NP: rewarded

18. The Six Historical Periods of Islamic Jurisprudence

19. The Seven Historical Periods of Islamic Jurisprudence

20. 1 Foundation الوجود Era of Prophet ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) time. Two stages: Makka Madenah Criteria of Jurisprudence in this phase: Prophet ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) was the only resource of rules . Rules used to be legislated according the events , or as answers to queries. Islamic Jurisprudence was put together step by step, and part by part through the followed Quranic verses and prophetic says.

21. 1 Foundation الوجود Differences existed but were limited . The ideological foundations of Islam were laid down. The evolution of Jurisprudence and the foundations of its methodology were taught by the prophet ( صلى الله عليه و سلم ) to his companions.

22. 2 Establishment التأسيس Righteous Caliphs era

23. 2 Establishment التأسيس The basis of deductive Jurisprudent principles were laid down during the time of the Righteous Caliphs. The sudden addition of vast new territories brought Muslims into sudden contact with many different cultures , and this produced a host of new issues which were not specifically covered in the Qur`an And Sunnah

24. 2 Establishment التأسيس Legal rulings became increasingly needed, and the Righteous Caliphs developed certain procedures for arriving at a juristic decisio n The companions, in general, followed decision making procedures which helped them to avoid hard and fast rulings The Presence of the Righteous Caliphs and the companions provided a safe guard in legal rulings. This promoted unity and there was no factionalism within the Islamic Nation

25. 2 Establishment Criteria of Jurisprudence in this phase: Deliberation principle led to stop any conflict The consensus were easily available Not many account of Prophetic Says due to Omar's ban Not many events comparing with the events later Piety of the Companions to give Fatwa

26. 3 Building البناء From the end of Righteous Caliphs time to the beginning of the 2 nd Century

27. 3 Building البناء From the end of Righteous Caliphs time to the beginning of the 2 nd Century The Companions spread among different countries Scholars relied on frequent narration of Hadith and compiled the legal rulings of the most prominent jurist among the Companions ( الصحابة )

28. 3 Building البناء Social unrest and confusion Fabrication of Hadith

29. 3 Building البناء

30. 4 Flowering الازدهار From the beginning of the 2 nd century to the mid of the 4 th

31. 4 Flowering الازدهار From the beginning of the 2nd century to the mid of the 4th Jurisprudence took on a definite shape as an independent Islamic science Centers of learning increased and so did the different doctrines ( مذاهب ) of earlier scholars Jurisprudence became organized and divided into two parts : الأصول and the الفروع

32. 4 Flowering الازدهار The entire Sunnah was collected and recorded in books With regards to the issue of the Doctrines two distinct periods took place during this time: Exchange of ideas and sharing of ideas/first half of this period تبادل و مشاركة Factionalism, intolerability, rigidity, and argumentation /second half تحزّب و عدم تحمّل و تصلّب

33. Imams Imam Abu Hanifa 80-150 (After Hijra ) Imam Malik 93-179 (A.H.) Imam Shafi'i 150-204(A.H.) Imam Ahmad Ibn Hanbal 164-241 (A.H.) Others: Al-Thawri, Ibn Abu-Lail, Al Awza'i, and Al-Laith

34. 5 Consolidation التجمع From the mid of 4 th century to the mid of 7 th .

35. From the mid of 4 th century to the mid of 7 th . 5 Consolidation التجمع

36. 5 Consolidation From the mid of 4 th century to the mid of 7 th . Only FOUR jurisprudential doctrines were remained The jurisprudential doctrines reached their final form of systemization and organization Ijtihaad beyond the structure of the different doctrines was dropped and Ijtihaad within the only one doctrine took over Justification of the jurisprudent choices developed Comparative jurisprudence was born

37. Hanifi Doctrine النسفي ت أوائل القرن الثامن الزيلعي ت سنة 743 الكمال بن الهمام ت سنة 861 العيني ت 855 ابن نجيم ت 969

38. Maliki Doctrine خليل ت 776 الأجهوري ت 1066 الخرشي ت1101 العدوي ت 1189

39. Shafi‘i Doctrine محي الدين النووي ت877 تقي الدين السبكي ت756 زكريا الأنصاري ت926 ابن حجر الهيتمي ت995

40. Hanbali Doctrine ابن تيمية ت728 ابن القيم ت751

41. 6 Stagnation الركود From the mid of 7 th century

42. 6 Stagnation الركود From the mid of 7 th century It was divided into 2 periods Till the beginning of 10 th century (Plenty of Scholars) From the 10 th century Ijtihaad was put aside and the blind following of a doctrine took over The four doctrines became more intolerable with each other, and finally broke into four sects

43. 6 Stagnation الركود Scholarly activity became polarized Revivers continued to work to bring the dynamics of jurisprudence back The fanaticism of the doctrines lessened do to the Islamic Movement and the teaching of comparative jurisprudence

44. 7 Institutions المؤسسات Lock of Ijtihad ; إغلاق باب الاجتهاد It means that it is not allowed -any more (after the end of the fourth century)- to any scholar to contrive any jurisprudential rule straight beginning from Qur`an Sunnah and consensus, nevertheless it assumed to go back to one of the four Islamic doctrines.

45. 7 Institutions المؤسسات There are three developments facilitate for calling for this closure: The jurists wanted to protect Sharia from some wiseacre men. حماية الشريعة من الناس غير المؤهلين Fanaticism of the followers of each doctrine التعصب Juridical position: the governors used to choose the judges from one doctrine, this push the student to study this doctrine only أصبح للدولة مذهب فقهي واحد

46. 7 Institutions المؤسسات Why a lot of scholars called for this closure? The jurists wanted to protect Sharia from some wiseacre men. حماية الشريعة من الناس غير المؤهلين

47. 7 Institutions المؤسسات

48. 7 Institutions المؤسسات Egypt, Tunisia, Algeria and Othman state used the French system Sudan and India used the British

49. 7 Institutions المؤسسات

50. 7 Institutions المؤسسات

51. 7 Institutions المؤسسات Many conferences for Islamic Jurisprudence started to be hold A week of Islamic Jurisprudence (Damascus Shawal 1380 – April 1961) Conference of Islamic research institute in Al- Azhar (1961) Conference in Al- Byidah City in Libya, hold by Libyan University Conference of Islamic Jurisprudence (Riyadh 1976)

52. 7 Institutions المؤسسات Founding of many of the institutes of Jurisprudence Al Azhar's Islamic Research Academy 1961 International Islamic Fiqh Academy Makah Safar 1405, November 1984 Islamic Fiqh council, hold the first conference in Makah Shaban 1398, 1977 The permanent Committee Fatwa in Kingdom of Saudi Arabia European Council for fatwa and research .

53. 7 Institutions المؤسسات Examples of Fatwas: Organ transplantation Artificial Fertilization/ IVF