Jainism & Jainism circuit in India

This presentation contains the philosophy behind Jainism and the details on a certain circuit.

1. JAINISM & TOURISM CIRCUIT BY- SALONI BANSAL Amity Institute of Travel & Tourism, Amity university Kolkata Semester-1, Batch- 2019-2021

2. Introduction The Universe is eternal, but goes through a cycle continuously. Time consist of 2 periods: Ascending (utsarpinee) & descending (avasarpini) In these 2 cycles which are repeated over and over again, 24 Jinas have come into existence. The first jina is believed to have appeared about 6 trillion years ago. The universe has living beings (jiva) and non- living beings(ajiva). Karma is based on a Jiva’s interaction with other Jiva and Ajiva

3. The hand with a wheel on the palm symbolizes  Ahiṃsā  in Jainism . The word in the middle is  ahiṃsā . The wheel represents the  dharmachakra , which stands for the resolve to halt the  saṃsāra  (transmigration) through relentless pursuit of truth and non-violence. NON-VIOLENCE

4. Jain Fundamentals (1/2) Who Created the Universe: No one; Matter changes Purpose of Life: Help each other; Realize one’s own full potential; To manage one’s passions; Who controls your actions We are responsible for our own actions How do we become happy By managing our passions (anger, greed, ego, pride) Human Suffering is due to: We are unable to understand our true nature

5. Jain Fundamentals (2/2) Is there reincarnation: Yes – until we reach full realization Is there a Jain “bible” Yes. Tolerance for other religions: Yes. Respect and understand other faiths Why do we pray? To celebrate the qualities of perfect Soul Science Strong correlation with other religions

6. “ Soul - God” – Each living being has a Soul; God is a fully enlightened Soul. Each Soul is capable of becoming God.

7. Jain Philosophy 02 Cosmology Jain cosmology is the description of the shape and functioning of the Universe (loka) and its constituents (such as living beings, matter, space, time,etc.) according to Jainism 03 Ahimsa Ahimsa, (Sanskrit: “noninjury) in the Indian religions of Jainism, Hinduism and Buddhism, the ethical principle of not causing harm to other living things. In Jainism, ahimsa is the standard by which all actions are judged. 04 Samsara Some jivas have achieved liberation from the cycle of samsara or reincarnation and are not reborn. They are called siddhas. 01 Anekāntavāda   In sanskrit i implies- “ non- one- sidedness or many-sidedness’ In Jainism it is an assumption that any entity is enduring but also undergoing change that is both constant and inevitable.

8. Jain Philosophy 06 Moksha In Jainism, moksha is the highest and the noblest objective that the soul should try to achieve. 07 Keval Gyana Keval gyana or keval jnana means omniscience in Jainism and is roughly translated as complete understanding or supreme wisdom. 08 Dravya Dravya means substance or entity. They believe, universe is made up of six eternal substances: souls (jiva), non-sentient substance or matter (pudgata), principle of motion (dharma), the principle of rest (ad 05 Karma & Dharma   In Jainism Dharma refers to: 1.Religion 2. Dharma as a dravya 3. the true nature of a thing 4. Ten virtues like forgiveness,etc. also called Ten forms of Dharma.

9. Jain Philosophy 10 Bhramacharya Brahmacharya is one of the five major vows prescribed for the sravaka (layman) and ascetics in Jainism. For those JAins who adopt the path of monks, celibacy in action, words and thoughts is expected. 11 Aparigraha It is one of the five vows that both householders (Sravaka) and ascetics must observe. This Jain vow is the principle of limiting one’s possessions (parimita-parigraha) and limiting one’s desires (iccha-parimana) 12 Gunasthana According to Jainism, it is a state of soul from a complete dependence on karma to the state of complete dissociation from it. Here the word “virtue” does not mean an ordinary moral quality but it stands for the nature of soul- knowledge, belief and conduct 09 Tattva   Jain philosophy explains that seven tattvas (truths or fundamental principles) constitute reality.These are- jiva, ajiva, āsrava, bandha, samvara, nirjara & moksha. The knowledge of these reals is said to be essential for the liberation of the soul. .

10. RISHABHA PARSVA MAHAVIRA Major Figures He was the first of twenty-four teachers in the present half-cycle of time in Jain cosmology. Other names- Adinatha, Adish Jina (first conqueror), Adi Purush (first Perfect Man), Ikshvaku. He is one of the earliest tirthankaras who are acknowledged as historical figures. He was the earliest exponent of Karma philosophy in the recorded history. the twenty-fourth tirthankara who revived and reorganized Jainism. He expounded the spiritual, philosophical and ethical teachings of the previous tirthankaras from the remote pre-Vedic era. the first Tirthankara of Jainism and the founder of Ikshvaku dynasty. Parshvanatha also known as Parshva and Paras, was the 23rd of 24 tirthankars of Jainism. Mahavira, also known as Vardhamana, was

11. ARIHANT GANADHARA KUNDAKUNDA Major Figures Acharya Kundakunda was a Digambara Jain monk and philosopher, who is still revered. He occupies the highest place in the tradition of the Digambara Jain acharyas. In Jainism, the term Ganadhara is used to refer the chief disciple of a Tirthankara. Ganadhara interpret and mediate to other people the divine sound (divyadhwani) which the Jains claim emanates from Tirthankara's body when he preaches . Arihant is a soul who has conquered inner passions such as attachment, anger, pride and greed. An arihant is also called a jina ("victor"). At the end of their life, arihants destroy remaining karmas and attain moksha and become siddhas.

12. Major Figures THE 24 TIRTHANKARAS Name of tirthankars. RISHABHA AJITANATHA SAMBHAVANATHA ABHINANDANANATHA SUMATINATHA PADMAPRABHA SUPARSHVANATHA CHANDRAPRABHA PUSHPADANTA SHITALANATHA SHREYANSANATHA VASUPUJYA VIMALANATHA ANANTANATHA DHARMANATHA SHANTINATHA KUNTHUNATHA ARANATHA MALLINATHA MUNISUVRATA NAMINATHA NEMINATHA PARSHVA MAHAVIRA

13. Jain Festivals/ Parvs Mahavir’s Birthday: Mahavir Jayanti Mahavir’s Nirvan Celebration: Diwali, New year , October or November. Paryshan Parv: Remembering and Practicing the qualities of the Soul Mahavir Jayanti: late march or early april. Paryshan Parv : In the month of august or September.

14. Non-Violence (Ahimsa) Strengthens the autonomy of life of every being; Ahimsa - diet, fellow being, environment, thoughts and actions Non-One-Sidedness (Anekantavad) Strengthens the autonomy of thought of every individual Non-Possession (Aparigraha) Strengthens the interdependence of all and share limited resources Essence of Jainism in Thoughts/Speech/Action …

15. “Validated” Treasure in Jainism Non-Violence Filtered/boiled water Jain mathematics Plant life & Environmentalism Equality towards women Animal Protection Molecules and atoms Compassionate diet/ Vegetarianism Meditation and Yoga – mind “More than 2500 Years old…”

16. QUALITIES OF SOUL Everlasting Sentience Omniscience

17. Liberation Liberation Omniscience Knowledge Covering Intuition Covering View Deluding Sensation Body Status Obstructive Life span

18. Choice: Circle of Life or Moksha Circle of Life Moksha and “Death”

19. eastern schools: cycle of life/death - nirvana western schools: linearity of life cycle enlightenment Karma & Reincarnation birth: pure state death heaven hell cycle of life/death elimination of karmic bondage nirvana

20. Different Core External god controls you Religion/philosophy/science separate Linear nature of life/death As you sow so you reap on judgement day Eastern Schools: Western Schools: God is the soul – within you Karma determine your next life Cyclic nature of life/death - nirvana Religion and philosophy are intertwined

21. A profound truth for all times “One who neglects or disregards the existence of earth, air, fire, water and vegetation, disregards his own existence which is entwined with them” - Lord Mahavir (599-527 BC)

22. Vardamana Mahavira He revived and reorganized Jainism. He expounded the spiritual,ethical and philosophical teachings of the previous tirthankaras from the remote pre- Vedic era. Although it is universally accepted by scholars of Jainism that Mahavira lived in ancient India, the details of his life and the year of his birth are subjects of debate. 01 it is known that Mahavira was born in the early part of the 6th century BCE into a royal Kshatriya Jain family in present-day Bihar, India. He abandoned all worldly possessions at the age of 30 and left home in pursuit of spiritual awakening, becoming an ascetic. 02 Mahavira practiced intense meditation and severe austerities for 12 years, after which he is believed to have attained Kevala Jnana (omniscience). He preached for 30 years and is believed by Jains to have attained moksha in the 6th century BC, although the year varies by sect. 03 Mahavira is usually depicted in a sitting or standing meditative posture, with the symbol of a lion beneath him. His earliest iconography is from archaeological sites in the North Indian city of Mathura, and is dated from the 1st century BCE to the 2nd century CE. His birth is celebrated as Mahavir Janma Kalyanak, and his nirvana is observed by Jains as Diwali. 04

23. JAINISM CIRCUITS OF INDIA

24. C ircuit by Map: BIHAR NALANDA PATNA ARRAH BHAGALPUR JAMUI 98k.m 152.3 k.m 32.2k.m 106.8k.m VAISHALI 112.7k.m 245.9k.m

25. DETAILS ON JAIN CIRCUIT OF BIHAR (1/2) The Cradle of luminous Jain Spiritual souls lies in Bihar. Bihar is the sacred destination as the birthplace of the 12th Tirthankar “Vasupujya” and 24th Tirthankar Mahavira. PATNA - Kamaldah :In the area called Kamaldah in Patna is a high mound of brick ruins on which stand two Jain temples of medieval period. On one of them is an inscription dated 1792 AD which records that the temple was constructed by the whole congregation living at “Patliputra” and dedicated to Sri Sthulabhadra. VAISHALI- one of the most ancient and famous sites in India. It has been identified with the modern village of Basarh as the birth place of Mahavira, the 24th Tirthankara of Jainism (599-527 BC). The Jain, both Swetambars and Digambars state that Vardhamana Mahavir was the son of Siddhartha of “Kundpura” or “Kundgrama”, a suburb of Vaishali. BHAGALPUR- Champanagar :Parasnath - A western suburb of the Bhagalpur town is present known as Champanagar. In Kalpa-sutra champa is mentioned as one of the place where Tirthankar Mahavira stayed for three rainy seasons in the course of his religious wanderings. According to Jain manuscript “Vasupujya” (12th Jain Tirthankar) is said to be born at Champanagar and achieved all five “Sanskaras” as per Jain prevalent. Mandar Hills : Situated at 700 ft isolated hill of Mandar is said to be the Nirvana place of 12th Jain Tirthankar Vasupujya Ji. A Jain temple is built at the top of this hill to commemorate the sacred event. There are two image, one is of red stone and second is of bronze. People from different part of world come to this place to worship the path of Jainism.

26. DETAILS ON JAIN CIRCUIT OF BIHAR (2/2) JAMUI- Lacchaur is situated about 7 kms south of Sikandara in Jamui district. Two Jain Temples, known as “Muth Buddhroop” a “Muth Purusnath” situated some 5kms south of the village in a picturesque valley between two parallel ranges of hill. NALANDA- P awapuri- The 24th Tirthankara Mahavira is believed to have attained Nirvana at Pawapuri. The temple is also famous as Jal Mandir. S amosaran- It is believed that 24th the last Tirthankara Mahavira delivered the first and last sermon to his disciples. Rajgir- As Rajgir is situated between five hills and Jain temples are situated in every hilltop. Rajgir is said to be very close relation with Jain Culture and mythology. Son Bhandar, Veerayatan, Maniyar Math, Kundalpur are some of the sacred places situated in this region. ARRAH- Bisram- It is said that lord Mahavira, the last Jain Tirthankar, took rest for some time at this place during his wanderings. Hence this place is called Bisram (rest). The Jain from every part of the country visit this place throughout the year. The temple contains an idol of the Lord Mahavira. There are about 45 jain Temples at Arrah. Masar - The village is situated about 9 kms south west of Arrah town. There is an ancient Jain temple dedicated Parsavanatha and contains eight images, some of which belong to 1386 AD and temple was completed in the year 1819 AD, as seen from the inscriptions on each of them. Annual pooja at this temple takes place in the month of Shravana when thousand of Jains visit this place and do their Prayer/Bandana.

27. JAI JINENDRA! Thank you