Jihad

6TH Pillar of Islam for O level Students Islamiat 2058
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1. JIHAD DEFINITION TYPES PURPOSE PROCESS CAPABILITIES OR THINGS TESTED WHEN IT IS COMPULSORY RULES REFRENCES IMPORTANCE

2. WHAT IS JIHAD The Arabic word "jihad" is often translated as "holy war," but in a purely linguistic sense, the word " jihad" means struggling or striving. Jihad   Arabic word which literally means striving or struggling, especially with a praiseworthy aim .  It can have many shades of meaning in an Islamic context, such as struggle against one's evil inclinations, an exertion to convert unbelievers, or efforts toward the moral betterment of society,though it is most frequently associated with war.In classical Islamic law, the term refers to armed struggle against unbelievers , [ while modernist Islamic scholars generally equate military jihad with defensive warfare.  In Sufi and pious circles, spiritual and moral jihad has been traditionally emphasized under the name of  greater jihad .  The term has gained additional attention in recent decades through its use by terrorist groups Jihad is an Arabic word from the root Jee Ha Da. It literally means to struggle or strive. Jihad is struggling or striving in the way or sake of Allah. Jihad takes a very important status in the doctrine of Islam and is one of the basic duties for every Muslim. Though , it has nothing whatsoever to do with the term Holy War. Such a term, or its equivalent doesn’t exist in the Islamic doctrine. The Christian Crusaders in the mid-ages invented this ideology of Holy War. There is nothing “Holy” about wars. Wars only involve killings and disasters ! A believer's internal struggle to live out the Muslim faith as well as possible The struggle to build a good Muslim society Holy war: the struggle to defend Islam with force if necessary

3. JIHAD The word Jihad is derived from the word “JUHD” meaning exertion or striving. Literally Jihad means maximum struggle or effort towards a goal, Strive or work hard for a particular cause. However, in religious sense, it means exertion of one’s power to the utmost of one’s capacity in the way of Allah for a good cause like establishing truth and suppress evil . Figuratively It means struggle in the way of Allah by Spiritual, mental and physical means eg through pen, mind, knowledge, hand, tongue, morality, Courage, Steadfastness and Worship. It is obligatory for a Muslim to exercise all his powers In the way of Allah to counter and eliminate all forms of evil, corruption, injustice, corruption, tyranny and oppression and one of its aim is also to save non Muslims from all these things

4. MAIN TYPES OF JIHAD Spiritual Jihad(Internal)- ihad Bil Nafs meaning heart/desires also known as greater Jihad Mental Jihad(external)- Jihad Bil Lisan / Qalam / Dawa meaning tongue, pen or media tools.1) jihad by the hand (jihad bil-yad ).2) jihad of the tongue (jihad bil-lisan ) Physical Jihad-Jihad Bil saif / Qital meaning arms/physical killings

5. TYPES JIHAD AGAINST ONESELF- A Muslim should fight his own inner self, his desires and evil passions. He should detest all kinds of evils that may find way to heart and mind and temptations that are within or outside in the world JIHAD WITH TONGUE-A Muslim should use the power of his tongue to invite others and protest against violence committed against other Muslims, he strives for justice through words and non violent actions. When a person uses his tongue for protesting against the oppression of as tyrant so he is waging war JIHAD WITH KNOWLEDGE- A person strives to gain knowledge , acts on it and then spread It to others, teach those who do not know, guide the illiterate and show them the right path. This is also including highlighting the social evils that plague the society or clear misconceptions about islam using pen and media like television, radio, phone and internet

6. JIHAD WITH WEALTH- A person spends his wealth for social causes and welfare like to spread Islam and help those who fight the enemies of Islam. JIHAD WITH SWORD-Muslims should be prepared to fight enemies of Islam and those enemies of fight them and is done in self defense against oppressors

7. SPRITUAL JIHAD Human soul is a scene of struggle between 2 competing powers, divine powers attract him towards heavenly spheres and inspires him to act good while Satanic powers tempt him towards realm of darkness and shame and invites him to acts of evil. It is concerned with purifying one’s spirit or soul from social evils, wrong temptations, evil desires or passions and anger or lust that emerge in each individual and is the fight between right and wrong as bad suggestions approach our mind but using our heart and faith we fight the evil within our selves and purify our own selves, this is also a prove of strong and unbreakable faith in Islam. As we are the most advanced creation of Allah so God has given us a brain now it is our duty to correctly use it to eliminate all signs of evil from our body, mind. We do this through worship, prayers and seeking shelter with Allah Known as GREATER JIHAD by Mohammad SAW as it much more than fighting in the battlefield for in this type of struggle, one has to constantly fight enemies that are hosted inside his own existence. One who succeeds in this struggle can emerge as a blessed being but one who fails is no different from oppressors, infidels, wrong doers and those of go astray

8. The spiritual jihad is a spiritual war that all Muslims need to wage in order not to be overcome in the face of the entrapment and tricks of the Satan and evil-self, and restrain their own selfish desires. The purpose of the spiritual jihad, which is also called spiritual fight or Jihad-u Akbar (the Great Jihad), is to fight against the evil-self and the Satan during Muslims whole lifetime, is to be a pure servant on the right path, a benevolent Muslim, a virtuous and perfect human being, by purifying their own evil-selves from all sorts of temptations. The spiritual jihad means strengthening the order of the inner-world. In addition, it is to wash ones heart away from dirt and evil, and try to get rid of every sort of evil. The spiritual jihad, which aims at ones improving and amending his own inner-world, is the responsibility of being a human . it is the . struggle to resist temptation to evil and to overcome one’s own weaknesses and failings on a daily basis which many a time is harder to do.

9. MENTAL JIHAD A type of Jihad in which Muslims strive in the way of Allah to eliminate all the ignorance, Social evils and injustice that lurks in different Muslims communities that harm Muslim society and even non Muslims in negative way so that Peace, unity, firmness and stability be maintained among Muslims. It can be done using intellectual capabilities like the mind or Brain, Knowledge, Power of speech, Wisdom and wealth to spread Islam and during this Jihad all these characteristics of an individual are tested. A Muslim uses his brain to emphasize, focus or evaluate all the problems and thinks carefully until a solution is produced It also means to invite non Muslims to Islam and refreshing the faith of Muslims. Known AS DAWA Some examples of saving society from Evil by using above mentioned features are explaining problems and their solutions to individuals like close friends, relatives, guests and neighbors, it can be in the form of Public speeches, Speeches in Magazines or books and even Internet websites and modern Electronic devices. For practice of this Jihad their should be some conditions like proper Planning, proper usage of Brain, sacrifices, sound administration, Vision, Knowledge and patience. It is a pathway for sacrifice of comfort, wealth and even life at demand

10. Mental Jihad also known As DAWAH . This kind of Jihad involves intellectual and mental efforts in the pursuit of spreading the message of Islam. It also includes answering any questions or objections raised by infidels and Non-Muslims about Relevance and Genuineness of Islam as a way of life. Looked objectively and realistically, this is perhaps the most important mode of Jihad in Modern Times. Holy Prophet SAW remained engaged in this type of jihad throughout his Makkan period

11. PHYSICAL JIHAD OR QITAL Qital relates to using your Physical capabilities in defense of Muslim communities to ward of Tyranny, injustice, oppression and Zamindari System by enemies of Islam under which Muslims are suffering and they cant freely practice their religion to Establish peace . This is an external Jihad using armed forces and it is not a practice of individual but an entire group of Muslims willing to safe Muslims from all the evil acts as it requires strength. Muslims mainly attack first. However before waging any war, the Muslim leader or chief of any state in which Injustice and torture is prevailing and should be done in accordance to Quran and Sunnah following the laid Rules by Quran and Sunnah like not forcing people to Islam. Which are discussed next It should not be forgotten that Primary and main Aim of this Jihad shouldn’t be gaining booty, killing people for greed or any other reason but to strive in way of Allah to promote justice and save Muslims Islam Orders Physical War against Enemies of Islam who tend to destroy It and Muslims are Instructed not to accept Humiliation and become Victims of Torture of others so that Ummah is strong enough that no one attacks it. Attacked can be any Ungodly Ruler or external. It’s the last chance for Muslims after all techniques have failed.

12. Physical Jihad or Armed Struggle —– Jihad against all that prevents Muslims from servitude to God (Allah), people from knowing Islam, defense of a Muslim society (country), retribution against tyranny, and/or when a Muslim is removed from their homeland by force. Jihad must be performed by the Islamic rules and regulations in accordance with the Quran and Sunnah . Physical or military Jihad must be called by Muslim authority such as head of Muslim Country after much consideration and consultations with learned leaders.

13. In Islam there is no such thing as Holy War or terrorism. Islam recognizes Jews and Christians as the “People of the Book” because they all follow the Prophet Abraham, believing in Musa and Esa (Jesus) teachings. For many centuries, Muslims have peacefully coexisted with Christians, Jews, and people of other faiths, maintaining social, business, political and economic treaties. Islam respects all humans and faiths as long as there is no religious oppression, forbidding Muslims from serving Allah, preventing others from learning about Islam, and not respecting treaties .

14. When Muslims were Threatened and Madina was attacked then Allah allowed them to fight back.

15. WHEN JIHAD IS NECESSARY ? Jihad Becomes obligatory when not only Ideology and Beliefs of Muslims but also their lives, properties, homes and everything else is in danger. Whenever any Muslim State is attacked by any other state becomes religious duty of every Muslim of that State to fight against the invader. If the Muslim state under attack is not strong enough to defend itself, then it becomes of other religious neighboring countries or states to help, if that is unsuccessful then it becomes the duty of All Muslim states in the world to help her. Best example of this modern time is that Afghanistan, when it was under attacked in 1979 by the Soviet Union, all Muslim countries rushed to save it. The attacker of Muslim state can be Any Anti-Islamic force, bad ruler of land in which Muslims are living and other states who want to destroy Islam It is the Last Struggle for Muslims when previous techniques have failed. When Muslims cant freely practice their religion or Pray, No Azan  The rulers give a call to each and every citizen of their country to participate in Jihad and their sufficient money. If Muslims are not under ruler so they can freely wage a war whenever they want but if they placed under Islamic leader then permission should be sought first

16. RULES OF JIHAD Muslims must not be first to initiate Fighting Women, Children, old, farmers ,Sick, homes and properties shouldn’t be harmed Fruit-Bearing trees shouldn’t be burned or cut down Animal whose meat is Halal shouldn’t be Killed except when sacrificed for eating Churches, Synagogues, Mosques and other places of Worship should not be demolished. Prisoners should be treated kindly; they should be fed and clothed properly. Corpses of fallen and dead should not be mutilated or disfigured. Treaties should be respected and fulfilled Booty shouldn’t be stolen Ambassadors shouldn’t be killed or Maltreated No unjustified aggression shall be made on Weaker nations If people take refuge in monasteries then they are not to be harmed

17. RULES The opponent must always have started the fighting. It must not be fought to gain territory. It must be launched by a religious leader. It must be fought to bring about good - something that Allah will approve of. Every other way of solving the problem must be tried before resorting to war. Innocent people should not be killed. Women, children, or old people should not be killed or hurt. Women must not be raped. Enemies must be treated with justice. Wounded enemy soldiers must be treated in exactly the same way as one's own soldiers. The war must stop as soon as the enemy asks for peace. Property must not be damaged. Poisoning wells is forbidden. The modern analogy would be chemical or biological warfare

18. These instructions reveal the true spirit of Islam which abhors aggression, destruction and bloodshed and enjoins justice, mercy and tolerance

19. Jihad was always preceded by Invitation to Islam or payment of Jizya . Prophet SAW and early caliphs followed this rule. Muslims often waited for 3 days before the announcement of actual fighting to provide opportunity for Negotiation. This often led to peaceful settlement in battles against Sassanid and Byzantine

20. WHAT A JIHAD IS NOT A war is not a Jihad if the intention is to: Force people to convert to Islam Conquer other nations to colonise them Take territory for economic gain Settle disputes Demonstrate a leader's power Although the Prophet engaged in military action on a number of occasions, these were battles to survive, rather than conquest, and took place at a time when fighting between tribes was common . Not follow above slide rules

21. PURPOSE OF JIHAD Self- defence Strengthening Islam Protecting the freedom of Muslims to practise their faith Protecting Muslims against oppression, which could include overthrowing a tyrannical ruler Punishing an enemy who breaks an oath Putting right a wrong UNITY PEACE

22. IMPORTANCE/MERITS One of the most Rewarding and superior forms of Worships Richest Blessings of Paradise Helps to achieve Human Excellence Jihad is a way of Establishment of a just and peaceful society Jihad grants immunity to Muslim’s religion, country, Family and possessions

23. QURAN ON JIHAD Fight in the way of Allah against those who fight against you, but begin not hostilities. Lo! Allah loveth not aggressors. Qur'an 2:190 To those against whom war is made, permission is given (to fight), because they are wronged;- and verily, Allah is most powerful for their aid. Qur'an 22:39 Therefore if they withdraw from you but fight you not, and (instead) send you (Guarantees of) peace, then Allah Hath opened no way for you (to war against them). Qur'an 4:90 But if the enemy incline towards peace, do thou (also) incline towards peace, and trust in Allah: for He is One that heareth and knoweth (all things). Qur'an 8:61

24. JUNE 2014 Write an account of: (i) The Prophet’s teachings about armed warfare (jihad). (ii) Under what circumstances is jihad thought to be compulsory? [10 ] The Prophet laid down a set of rules about conduct during armed warfare (jihad). In answering the first part of the question candidates need to show sound knowledge of what these rules are e.g. Muslims shall not be the first to initiate fighting; women, children, old people are not to be harmed; fruit bearing trees are not to be cut down; places of worship of any faith are not to be destroyed; captives should be treated kindly; corpses of the enemy should not be mutilated; treaties should be respected and ambassadors should not be mistreated or killed etc. For the second part of the question the candidates have to write about the conditions under which jihad becomes compulsory like it is obligatory when not only the beliefs of Muslims are threatened but their lives, homes and property etc. are at stake; whenever a Muslim state is attacked it becomes the religious duty of every Muslim of that state to fight against the invaders. These and other points that are relevant to the answer could be made. Good answers may well give quotes from the Qur’an to support their answer. It should be remembered that the marks are not divided 5x5 between the two parts but the answer has to be read as a whole and the mark should be given accordingly.

25. JUNE 2014 ‘The Prophet’s teachings about armed warfare (jihad) are not relevant today’. Do you agree ? Give reasons for your answer. [4] Answers could agree or disagree with the statement. However, whatever their response the candidates need to back up their point of view with valid reasons. For example some might agree with the statement saying that modern weapons of war like bombs don’t discriminate between the men, women or children they kill or the damage they do to the environment. Some on the other hand could disagree with the statement and say the teachings of the Prophet regarding armed warfare are just as relevant today as they were in the Prophet’s time and that we must have respect for life and the environment and use jihad as a last resort and when engaged in it make sure that the code of conduct set by the Prophet is followed. All valid answers must be credited.

26. OCTOBER 2013 Write a description of the Muslim teachings about jihad Candidates may well start their answer by giving the meaning of the word jihad and go on to say that in religious terminology it means to strive or exert oneself in the way of God. They could identify the four different kinds of jihad and go on to differentiate between jihad and qital . Good answers are likely to discuss the conditions under which jihad becomes obligatory and also the rules of jihad may be given in well developed answers. All valid responses must be credited Why is greater jihad considered the more important? [4] An evaluative response to why jihad of the self (jihad bil nafs ) is considered most important needs to be given here. Responses could say that it is most important because it is the struggle to resist temptation to evil and to overcome one’s own weaknesses and failings on a daily basis which many a time is harder to do. All valid answers must be credited.

27. OCTOBER 2015 Describe the meaning of the term jihad and say how Muslims can practise jihad in their everyday lives. [10] Candidates may well give the meaning of the term jihad and go on to say that in religious terminology it means to struggle against ones evil inclinations and to exert in the way of Islam. They can go on to say what the different kinds of jihad are; jihad of the self (jihad bilnafs ), jihad of the tongue (jihad bil-lisan ), jihad by the hand (jihad bil-yad ), and jihad by the sword (jihad bis-saif ). They need to go on to say how Muslims practice jihad in their everyday lives and here the answers could vary with some writing about how mostly it is jihad bil-nafs , which is practiced when Muslims fight their own inner selves to keep on the path of righteousness. Others could mention how Muslims in war-torn countries are fighting for their faith and a just government (b) Why do you think jihad of the self ( jihad bil-nafs ) is greater than armed jihad ( jihad bis-saif )? An evaluative response is needed here as to why jihad of the self is considered the greater jihad and all valid responses should be credited

28. OCTOBER 2016 Write an account of the difference in meaning between: (i) jihad of the self (iii) jihad of the tongue, and (iii) jihad of the sword. [10] There are four kinds of jihad fi sabil-illah (struggle in the cause of Allah). They are: jihad of the self ( jihad bin- nafs ); Jihad of the tongue ( jihad bil - lisan ); jihad by the hand ( jihad bil-yad ) and jihad by the sword ( jihad bis-saif ). The candidates can well begin their answer by defining the term jihad, which could be said to mean to strive, to struggle, to exert one’s energy or to persevere. The Qur’an it could be further clarified uses the term jihad in context with the struggle to exert oneself in the way of God. Having explained the term jihad the candidates need to specifically write about the difference in meaning of the three kinds of jihad given in the question and say what it is. Candidates may well write about the importance of these three kinds of jihad and that should be read as development in the answer though is not necessary to get to the higher levels. Candidates could give quotes from the Qur’an or the Prophet’s ( pbuh ) hadiths to support their answer.

29. EXPECTED QUESTIONS What are Muslim’s Beliefs about Jihad?(10) What does ‘Jihad’ mean and discuss types of Jihad(10) What is Qital and on what conditions does it become compulsory?(10) What are the conditions when Jihad should be done?(10) What are the laid rules for Jihad?(10) What is importance and Benefits of Jihad to Muslims?(10)