Jitendr choudhary (Role of liquid organic manure).pptx

Role of Liquied organic manure in sustainable agriculture

1. 1 Dr. Rajhans Verma Asst. Professor Dept. of Soil Science and Agri. Chemistry Submitted to Major Advisor Dr. S. S. S harma Asst. Professor Dept. of Soil Science and Agri. Chemistry Role of Liquid Organic Manures in Low External Input Sustainable Agriculture Speaker: Jitendra choudhary (M.Sc. Soil Science)

2. LEISA: Principles, Advantages and Promising Techniques Contents

3. Continuing rural poverty, the high cost of purchased inputs and environmental problems, all support the view that farmers should rely as much as possible on locally available inputs to enhance the productivity of their soils. Th u s technologies using low levels of external inputs readily available either on-farm or from nearby off-farm sources are seen by some experts as more appropriate and sustainable (Pretty, 1995). This approach often referred to as low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA). The excess use of costly chemical fertilizers in agriculture has resulted in serious environmental problems. The current global scenario firmly emphasizes the need to adopt eco friendly agricultural practices for sustainable food production. The liquid organic manures are eco-friendly organic preparation made from the different animal and plant products. The use of organic liquid products such as panchagavya, sasyagavya, beejamruta, sanjeevani, kunapajala, vermiwash, seaweed extract etc. resulted in higher growth, yield and quality of crops. They enhance crop growth and can help in sustainability of safe environment and crop productivity (Sattar et al., 2014). INTRODUCTIO N 3

4. What LEISA means L O W EXTE R N A L INPUT SU S T AINABLE AGRICULTURE LEISA means maximum utilization of local resources with less dependency on external inputs viz . , pesticides, fertilizers, herbicides etc for agricultural production. LEISA is a form of agriculture that optimize local resource utilization, including social and human resources, but the use of external inputs are not excluded and seen as complementary to the use of local resources to reduce the cost of cultivation and to attain sustainability in agriculture. 4

5. P r od u ct i vity Environment Co st r eduction Int egration LEISA : Aims at 5

6. 1 2 Adapting the agricultural system to the environment of the region, including soil, water, climate and biota present at the site. Opti m izing the use of bio l og ic al and p h ysical resources in the agro-ecosystem. Principles of LEISA 6

7. Why LEISA Majority of farmers in India are resource poor farmers and practice responsible for ext e nsi v e small scale farming (0.1 to 2.0 ha). Fertilizers and other agrochemicals are environmental problems and for health risks. Over reliance on synthetic fertilizers may cause soil degradation. In many developing countries, input markets are unreliable, inefficient and out of reach for subsistence cultivators. LEISA can enable such farmers to achieve higher income and attain sustainability by : Optimizing the use of locally available resources Minimizing the use of external inputs. 7

8. A B C D E Lower production costs. Overall risk of farmers is considerably reduced. Pollution of surface and groundwater is avoided. Healthy foods with very little or no pesticide residues. LEISA held promise for both short and long term profitability. Advantages of LEISA 8

9. Soil and nutrient management Manure handling and improvement Composting Green manuring Liquid organic manures Incorporation of crop residues Crop rotation Managing flows of solar radiation, air and water Mulching Windbreaks Water harvesting Strip cropping Water ponds Integrated farm systems Contour farming Integrated crop -livestock- fish farming Integrated forage production Integrated resource management in the semi arid zone Pest and disease management Intercropping Trap and decoy crops Constructed traps Repellents Biological control Some promising LEISA techniques and practices 9

10. Organic manures: Organic manures are plant and animal wastes that are used as sources of plant nutrients. They release nutrients after their decomposition. Organic manures are the organic materials derived from animal, human and plant residues which contain plant nutrients in complex organic forms. Manures with low nutrient, content per unit quantity have longer residual effect besides improving soil physical properties compared to fertilizer with high nutrient content.  Solid Organic manures Liquid Organic manures Bulky and slow releasing in nature. Quick releasing in nature. Bacterial and fungi count is less. More bacterial and fungi count Can only be used for soil application Can be used for both foliar and soil application. Large amount is required for application . Smaller amount compared to solid manures.

11. Liquid Organic Manures Liquid Organic Manures Liquid organic manures are products obtained from the fermentation and/or decomposition of organic matter such as crop residues, animal dung, urine and other plant material. Liquid organic manures provides nutrients for the plants and can work as a pest control. . 11

12. Liquid Organic Manu r es Jee v amruth Panchagavya Sanjivak Sasyagavya` B i j a mr i ta Amritp a ni Kun a p a j a l a V erm iw ash Seaweed Extract 12

13. Made up from locally available resources Minimum production cost Saves our health by reducing use of harmful chemicals Improves the soil Eco-friendly Ad v a n t a ges of Liquid Organic Manures 13

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15. Panchagavya Panchagavya Sanskrit words Pancha (five) a n d Gavya (Cow). A blend of 5 cow products viz, cow dung, cow urine, cow milk, cow curd and cow ghee. . Benefits of using Panchagavya Increased yield Growth promoter Immunity booster Less cost Drought resistant 15

16. Cow dung 7 kg Cow ghee 1 kg Cow Urine 10 lit. Water 10 lit re s Cow milk 3 lit re s Cow curd 2 lit re s Jaggery 3 kg Banana – 12 nos. Mix cow dung and cow ghee. Keep it for 3 days. After 3 days add cow urine and water to this. Keep it for 15 days with regular mixing both in evening and morning After 15 days mix the cow milk, cow curd, jaggery and banana. Close the mouth of drum. Stir twice a day. Panchagavya will be ready after 30 days. Preparation of Panchagavya 16

17. Spray system 3% solution was found to be most effective compared to the higher and lower concentrations investigated ( Muthuvel,2002). Flow system The solution of panchagavya can be mixed with irrigation water at 50 liters per hectare either through drip irrigation or flow irrigation. Seed/seedling treatment 3% solution of panchagavya can be used to soak the seeds or dip the seedlings before planting. Soaking for 20 minutes is sufficient. Seed storage 3% of panchagavya solution can be used to dip the seeds before drying and storing them. Application of Panchagavya 17

18. Cow dung 10 kg Cow urine 10 litre Live f orest soil 1 kg Water 200 lit re Mix up properly. Keep it for fermentation for 6-8 days. Stir the solution regularly twice a day. Jaggery 2 kg Apply when ground is wet for planting. Pulse grain floor 2 kg Use atleast once every month. 500 litre is required for 1 ha. C a n a l so b e ap p l i e d a l o n g with i r r i g a t ion water. Jeev a mrut 18

19. Take 5 kg cow dung in cotton cloth and dip in water. Take one liter water and add 50 gm lime in it, let it stable for a night. Separate the solid portion of cow dung by squeezing it. Add 5 liter cow urine, 1 liter lime water, 50 gram soil and 20 lit re water. Keep this mixture for 12-16 hrs. Filter it and use for seed treatment. For tr a ns p l a n t i ng put t he roots in beejamruta for some time before planting. Cow dung 5 kg Lime 100 g Cow urine 5 liter soil 50 g Water 20 liter Beejamruta 19

20. Parameter Panchagavya Beejamruth Jeevamruth pH 6.82 8.20 7.07 EC (dSm -1 ) 1.88 5.50 3.40 Total Nitrogen (ppm) 1000 40 770 Total Phosphorus (ppm) 175.40 155.30 166 Total Potassium (ppm) 194.10 252 126 Total Zinc (ppm) 1.27 2.96 4.29 Total Copper (ppm) 0.38 0.52 1.58 Total Iron (ppm) 29.71 15.35 28.20 Total Manganese (ppm) 1.84 3.32 10.7 Bacteria (cfu ml -1 ) 26.10x10 5 15.40x10 5 19.70x10 5 Fungi (cfu ml -1 ) 18x10 3 10.50x10 3 13.40x10 3 Actinomycetes (cfu ml -1 ) 4.20x10 3 6.80x10 3 3.50x10 3 N 2 fixers (cfu ml -1 ) 2.70x10 2 3.10x10 2 4.60x10 2 Phosphate solubilizers (cfu ml -1 ) 5.70x10 2 2.70x10 2 4.20x10 2 Source: Gore and Sreenivasa (2011) Nutrient status and Microbial Population of Panchagavya, Beejamruth and Jeevamruth 20

21. Cow dung Cow urine W a t er Mix these ingredients in the ratio of 1:1:2 in an earthen pot. Keep it for fermentation for 7-9 days. Stir twice a day. It can be used in 2 varieties Beeja Sanjeevani This is 20% aqueous solution of sanjeevani. Planting material dipped, dried and planted. 2-3 liters solution is required for 1 kg seeds. Enriches the seeds to provide nutrients and growth promoting hormones during initial growth. Poudha Sanjeevani This is 5% and 10% solution of sanjeevani. 5% is sprayed at initial stages up to 30 DAS 10% is sprayed at later growth stages. It can also be mixed in irrigation water. 40 liters of 5% solution is requires for 1 acre. Sanjeevani 21

22. Water 5 lit re Animal flesh/fish waste-1 kg Milk 1 lit re Ghee 1 kg Honey 0.5 kg Cow urine 1 liter Flesh should be boiled in water. After boiling transfer to an earthen pot. Add all ingredients to this. Add 5 liter hot water. Close the mouth of pot with cotton cloth. Mix the content every day. After 14 days filter the contents. Use kunapajala in the ratio of 1:10 with water. It can be used on any plant at any stage. Kunnapa (smelling like dead body) + Jala (water/liquid) Kunapajala 22

23. Fresh cow dung Cow urine Chopped organic waste Water Mix these ingredients in the ratio of 1:1:1:2. Allow to ferment for 10-12 days. Stir twice a day. Usage 5% aqueous solution up to 30 days of germination 1 % aque o us solut i on 30 d a y s after germination. Sasyagavya 23

24. Cow dung 10 kg. 500 g honey. Mix up thoroughly to form a creamy paste. Add 200 g desi ghee and mix at high speed. Dilute with 200 liters of water. Sprinkle this suspen si o n i n one a c re over s o il or use with irrigation water. Amritpaani 24

25. V ermiwash Vermiwash Prepared from the heavy population of earthworms reared in earthen pots or plastic drums. Contains vitamins, micronutrients, hormones and other substances helpful for growth, quality and yield of plants. 25

26. Big earthen pot/plastic drum with a tap fitted to the bottom placed in the shade. Laid out concrete or red sand 5 cm in the bottom. 30-40 cm thick layer of soft kitchen waste or 10 days old dung filled in the pot. Introduce 500-1000 earthworms in the pot. An earthen pot with the minute hole in the bottom hanged over the pot after 15 days of inoculation. A f t e r 2- 5 days extr a ct coll e c t ed i n the e a rth e n pot from the tap is called vermiwash. Preparation of Vermiwash 26

27. Spray system V e r m iwash i s dilut e d i n w a t er 5 t i m es a nd s p r a y e d o n the foliage of crops. Flow system Vermiwash can be mixed with irrigation water at 50 litres per hectare either through drip irrigation or flow irrigation. Seed/seedling treatment The seedlings before transplanting are dipped in vermiwash solution which is diluted 5 times with water for 15-20 minutes and then transplanted. Application of Vermiwash 27

28. Seaweed Extract Seaweed Extract Seaweeds are the plants especially marine algae growing in the sea, lakes, and large wetlands, like the rockweeds, kelps, sea lettuce, and dulses. Liquid extracts derived from marine algae is known as seaweed extract. Used as foliar spray, application to soil and for soaking of seeds before sowing. Benefits It enhances the germination Increase uptake of plant nutrients Give resistance to frost and fungal diseases. 28

29. Seaweed spp. used for seaweed extract Rockweed ( Ascophyllum nodosum ) Sea lattuce ( Ulva lactuca ) Dulses ( Palmaria palmata ) Doty ( Kappaphycus alaverzi ) Method of preparation Boil the chopped seaweeds properly and then filter. The filtrate is taken as 100% concentration. 29

30. Physical parameters Colour Green Chemical parameters Total Nitrogen (%) 0.45-0.70 Total Phosphorus (%) 0.007-0.01 Potassium (%) 1.60-2.10 Magnesium (%) 0.06-0.07 Copper (ppm) 7-11 Manganese (ppm) 6-9 Zinc (ppm) 19-25 Iron (ppm) 100-160 Growth hormones IAA (ppm) 25.14 Cytokinin (ppm) 9.2 Gibberellins (ppm) 27.11 Physio-chemical and hormone analysis of liquid extract of seaweed Kappaphycus alverzii Source: Reddy et al. (2009) 3 K a p p a phyc u s alverzii

31. R es e a r ch 31

32. Table 1: Effect of liquid organic manures on growth and yield attributes of tomato Treatments Plant height (cm) Root length (cm) Dry matter (g/plant) No. of fruits/plant Fruit weight (g/plant) Flowering stage (75 DAS) Crop harvesting (160 DAS) Flowering stage (75 DAS) Crop harvesting (160 DAS) Flowering stage (75 DAS) Crop harvesting (160 DAS) T 1 : RDF 74.90 124.76 11.07 14.69 3.02 5.43 11.12 167.23 T 2 : Panchagavya at 3 % for 25, 70, and 100 DAS 66.21 119.50 9.23 11.21 2.06 5.53 16.12 216.60 T 3 : Jeevamrutha 500 l/ha ( at transplanting time) 59.66 108.62 6.99 8.91 2.17 3.63 7.87 149.43 T 4 : Beejamrutha (seedling treatment) 59.33 108.91 9.22 11.59 2.01 3.86 8.62 147.51 T 5 : RDF+ Beejamrutha+ Panchagavya 75.66 131.81 13.36 17.29 4.04 7.45 20.25 276.87 T 6 : RDF+ Beejamrutha+ Jeevamrutha 75.60 130.13 13.43 17.15 3.96 7.34 20.00 274.32 T 7 : RDF+ Beejamrutha+ Jeevamrutha +Panchagavya 83.15 143.21 15.57 19.80 4.06 7.94 23.25 316.64 T 8 : Beejamrutha + Jeevamrutha+Panchagavya 72.03 119.39 11.38 13.20 3.00 5.41 19.65 271.53 S.Em ± 2.06 3.98 0.58 0.87 0.24 0.47 0.55 6.00 C.D. ( P=0.05) 5.87 11.29 1.65 2.24 0.65 1.35 1.57 17.00 Gore and Sreenivasa , 2011 U A S, Dharwad

33. Table. 2:Effect of liquid organic manures on plant height, root length and dry matter of tomato crop. Treatments Plant height (cm) Dry matter (g/plant) Flowering stage (75 DAS) Crop harvesting ( 160 DAS ) Flowering stage (75 DAS) Crop harvesting (160 DAS) RDF 74.90 124.76 3.02 5.43 Panchagavya only 66.21 119.50 2.06 5.53 Jeevamruth only 59.66 108.62 2.17 3.63 Beejamruth only 59.33 108.91 2.01 3.86 RDF+ Beejamruth+ Panchagavya 75.66 131.81 4.04 7.45 RDF+ Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth 75.60 130.13 3.96 7.34 RDF+ Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+ Panchagavya 83.15 143.21 4.06 7.94 Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+Panchagavya 72.03 119.39 3.00 5.41 S.Em± 2.06 3.98 0.24 0.47 C.D. ( P=0.05) 5.87 11.29 0.65 1.35 Quantity of Panchagavya : 500 l/ha, Jeevamruth : 500 l/ha and Beejamruth : 200 l/ha Dharwad Gore and Sreenivasa , 2010

34. Table 3 . Effect of liquid organic manures on the yield parameters of tomato Treatments No. of Fruit weight fruits/plant (g/plant) T1:RDF 11.12 167.23 T2: Panchagavya only 16.12 216.60 T3: Jeevamruth only 7.87 149.43 T4: Beejamruth only 8.62 147.51 T5: RDF+ Beejamruth+Panchagavya 20.25 276.87 T6: RDF+ Beejamruth + Jeevamruth 20.00 274.32 T7: RDF+ Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+ Panchagavya 23.25 316.64 T8: Beejamruth+ Jeevamruth+ Panchagavya 19.65 271.53 S.Em± 0.55 6.00 C.D. ( P=0.05) 1.57 17.00 Dharwad Gore and Sreenivasa , 2010

35. Treatments N concentration (%) P concentration (%) K concentration (%) Flowering stage Crop harvest Flowering stage Crop harvest Flowering stage Crop harvest RDN 2.16 2.54 0.19 0.23 0.62 0.76 Panchagavya only 1.99 2.50 0.24 0.25 0.61 0.74 Jeevamrut only 1.76 1.57 0.16 0.19 0.54 0.59 Beejamrut only 1.72 1.51 0.14 0.19 0.57 0.54 RDN + Beejamrut + Panchagavya 2.17 3.18 0.29 0.36 0.60 0.82 RDN + Beejamrut + Jeevamrut 1.97 3.08 0.19 0.27 0.60 0.81 RDN + Beejamrut + Jeevamrut + Panchagavya 3.06 4.38 0.29 0.43 0.90 1.03 Beejamrut + Jeevamrut + Panchagavya 2.14 3.36 0.20 0.35 0.78 0.87 S.Em± 0.13 0.26 0.03 0.01 0.05 0.06 C.D. ( P=0.05) 0.39 0.78 0.1 0.14 0.15 0.26 Table4 : Effect of liquid organic manures on the plant N, P and K concentration (%) Nileema and Sreenivasa (2011)

36. Particulars Jeevamrut Chemical farming Masura Hamsa Masura Hamsa Cost of application of manure / acre in Rs. 1430 1300 5000 5000 Grain yield tons /acre 2.775 2.625 3.000 2.500 Gross returns/acre @ Rs.30 and Rs.15 Respectively 83250 39375 90000 37500 Total cost of production Rs./ acre 18930 18800 22500 22500 Net returns Rs. / acre 64320 20575 67500 15000 Benefit – cost ratio 3.39 1.09 3.0 0.6 Table 5: Comparative cost of rice production and benefit-cost ratio using Jeevamrut and chemicals Amareswari and Sujathamma (2014)

37. Table 6: Impact of organic treatments on seed germination and vigour index of paddy Treatments Germination % Mean root length(cm) Mean shoot length(cm) Vigour index T 1 : Panchagavya 93 9.20 3.12 1145.76 T 2 : Brahmastra 100 11.90 3.50 1540.00 T 3 : Beejamrutha 98 9.70 3.20 1264.20 T 4 : Jeevamrutha 95 9.30 2.40 1111.50 T 5 : Control 89 4.60 1.90 578.50 S.Em ± 0.80 0.06 0.16 9.24 C.D.at 1% 3.46 0.26 0.67 39.92 U A S, Bengaluru Sridhar et al., 2011

38. Table 7 : Effect of treatments on yield attributes, yield and economics of sunflower Treatments Head diameter (cm) Thousand seed weight (g) Se ed yield (kg /ha) Stalk yield (t /ha) Gross returns (Rs. /ha ) Net returns (Rs./ha) B:C ratio T 1 : Control 14.33 36.62 851 2.83 17,034 12,314 2.60 T 2 : Jeevamrutha @ 500 litre /ha 14.60 38.25 1250 2.89 25,030 19,830 3.46 T 3 : 100% RDF 16.40 45.56 1611 3.29 32,275 25,475 3.74 T 4 : FYM @ 3.75 t/ ha 15.13 38.11 1222 2.88 24,489 18,088 2.82 T 5 : FYM @ 3.75 t/ ha + Jeevamrutha 15.60 40.45 1551 3.17 31,062 24,405 3.66 T 6 : FYM @ 3.75 t /ha + 100% RDF 16.86 45.64 1611 3.47 32,286 24,495 3.14 T 7 : FYM @ 7.5 t/ ha 16.46 43.40 1659 3.49 33,226 26,131 3.68 T 8 : FYM @ 7.5 t /ha + Jeevamrutha 17.60 46.56 1733 4.10 34,729 27,384 3.72 T 9 : FYM @ 7.5 t/ ha + 100% RDF 17.70 49.26 1774 4.21 35,551 27,072 3.19 S.Em ± 0.57 0.94 31.28 0.08 - 710.25 0.05 C.D. at 5 % 1.73 2.83 93.77 0.24 - 2130.75 0.16 Manjunatha et al. ,2009 U A S, Raichur

39. Table 8 : Effect of different treatment on growth, yield attributes characters and yield of okra Treatment Plant height (cm) Dry matter production ( g /plant) No. of branches/plant Fruit length (cm) No. of fruits/ plant Fruit weight (g /fruit) Fruit weight (q /ha) T 1 : 100% RDF + 12.5t FYM/ ha 110.4 5.10 2.92 19.2 16.0 12.8 11.5 T 2 : 100% RDF 103.2 4.36 2.73 18.0 14.2 11.6 9.2 T 3 : 100% RDF + effective micro organism spray (2%) 107.6 4.57 2.76 19.4 16.02 12.1 11.1 T 4 : 100% RDF + vermiwash spray (2%) 120.5 5.20 2.93 20.0 16.7 13.1 12.2 T 5 : 100% RDF + panchagavya spray (2%) 131.7 5.90 3.18 21.8 17.4 13.9 12.7 T 6 : 75% RDF + effective micro organism spray (2%) 90.5 3.50 2.01 15.8 12.3 10.6 7.4 T 7 : 75% RDF + vermiwash spray (2%) 92.2 3.70 2.39 16.2 13.7 10.2 7.8 T 8 : 75% RDF + panchagavya spray( 2%) 98.2 3.80 2.50 16.4 13.9 11.0 8.5 T 9 : Control 89.3 2.23 1.82 13.7 8.2 9.2 4.2 SEd 4.20 0.18 011 0.73 0.54 0.47 0.45 CD (P = 0.05) 10.36 0.38 0.24 1.58 1.28 1.01 0.92 Diwakar Singh ., 2013 Varanasi (U.P.)

40. Table 9 : Influence of nutritional practices on greengram growth, yield attributes and yield Treatments Plant height at flowering(cm) LAI at flowering No. of pods /plant No. of seeds/pod 100 grain weight(g) Grain yield(q/ha) T 1 : Control with RDF (No Panchagavya) 77.7 8.17 76.75 12.9 3.87 17.87 T 2 : Panchagavya @ 1% (No RDF) 67.7 8.04 58.12 9.4 3.65 12.67 T 3 : Panchagavya @ 2% (No RDF) 69.6 8.40 68.25 10.0 3.71 15.07 T 4 : Panchagavya @ 3% (No RDF) 80.3 8.65 79.25 12.1 3.99 17.71 T 5 : Panchagavya @ 4% (No RDF) 80.0 8.13 75.75 11.1 3.92 15.35 T 6 : Panchagavya @ 5% (No RDF) 77.8 8.46 74.74 10.6 3.84 14.97 T 7 : Panchagavya @ 6% (No RDF) 71.7 8.49 68.87 10.2 3.72 14.05 Mean 75.0 8.33 71.66 10.9 3.82 15.40 SEd 5.26 1.02 6.944 0.60 0.09 0.30 CD(P=0.05) NS NS NS 1.26 0.20 0.63 Somasundaram et al. , 2003 Coimbatore ( RDF: 25:50 kg NP/ha, four foliar sprays of Panchagavya each on 15, 25, 40 and 50 DAS)

41. Table 10: Effect of bionutrients and stages of application on N, P 2 O 5 and K 2 O uptake by kernel and haulm of kharif groundnut (Pooled over 5 years) Uptake of nutrients (kg/ha) Treatments N P 2 O 5 K 2 O Kernel Haulm Kernel Haulm Kernel Haulm Panchgavya and jivamrut application (Bn) Bn : Control (application of 100% RDN through FYM) 49.68 48.75 4.92 5.70 5.49 18.25 Bn 1 : Panchgavya (2 % foliar spray) 50.16 45.92 4.14 4.78 5.86 21.05 Bn 2 : Panchgavya (4 % foliar spray) 42.56 34.59 3.31 4.01 4.46 14.77 Bn 3 : Panchgavya (6 % foliar spray) 44.71 37.90 3.84 4.50 4.81 16.27 Bn 4 : Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 43.40 35.74 3.88 4.37 4.74 15.51 Bn 5 : Panchgavya (2 % foliar spray) + Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 45.67 37.10 4.29 4.93 4.81 16.02 Bn 6 : Panchgavya (4 % foliar spray) + Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 50.46 41.65 4.58 4.97 5.57 17.69 Bn 7 : Panchgavya (6 % foliar spray) + Jivamrut (soil application @ 500 l/ha) 55.74 49.65 5.29 5.84 6.23 21.68 Bn 8 : RDF (12.5-25-00 kg N-P-K/ha) 46.39 45.33 4.47 5.20 5.28 19.01 S. Em. ± 1.68 1.69 0.17 0.18 0.21 0.88 C.D. (P=0.05) 4.83 4.87 0.50 0.52 0.60 2.52 Stages of application (S) S 1 : Branching 46.43 41.55 4.21 4.90 5.07 17.56 S 2 : Flowering 44.78 40.45 4.06 4.76 4.96 17.28 S 3 : Branching + Flowering 51.71 43.54 4.64 5.11 5.72 18.57 S. Em. ± 1.22 0.80 0.11 0.09 0.14 0.33 C.D. (P=0.05) 3.98 NS 0.36 NS 0.45 NS Gujarat Patel et al ., 2018

42. Treatments Bacteria (10 6 cfu /g of soil) Fungi (10 4 cfu/g of soil) Actinomycetes ( 10 3 cfu /g of soil) T 1 : Control 63 8 7 T 2 : 200 l/ha 85 10 12 T 3 : 300 l/ha 125 14 16 T 4 : 400 l/ha 196 17 20 T 5 : 500 l/ha 279 19 24 Shimoga Deva Kumar et al., 2008 Table 11: Effect of different concentrations of Jeevamrutha on soil microbial population in field bean cfu =colony forming unit

43. Table 12: Effect of foliar sprays of vermiwash on total dry matter production and seed yield of soybean Treatments Total dry matter production (g/plant) Seed yield (q/ha) 30DAS 45 DAS 60DAS T 1 : Control 2.58 4.39 11.02 19.19 T 2 :10% Vermiwash 3.85 6.85 16.07 20.17 T 3 :15% Vermiwash 4.58 7.18 16.53 20.40 T 4 : 20% Vermiwash 6.03 9.63 18.06 21.85 CD at 5% 0.350 0.401 0.821 0.023 Nagpur Deotale et al ., 2008

44. Table1 3 : Effect of foliar sprays of Vermiwash on different parameters of soybean Treatments Plant height at maturity (cm) No. of root nodules/plant Dry weight of root nodules/plant(g) Leaf area /plant (dm 2 ) 30DAS 40DAS 30DAS 40DAS 30DAS 45DAS 60DAS T 1 : Control 42.2 35.25 41.00 0.275 0.85 2.08 7.25 11.48 T 2 :10% Vermiwash 43.7 43.75 45.00 0.450 1.10 3.16 8.21 11.90 T 3 :15% Vermiwash 44.2 43.75 45.25 0.675 1.12 3.55 8.41 12.01 T 4 : 20% Vermiwash 46.0 49.00 50.70 1.125 1.20 4.58 11.52 12.63 CD at 5% 0.317 1.764 1.443 0.127 0.168 0.24 0.94 0.241 Nagpur Deotale et al ., 2008

45. Table 14: Effect of doses of panchagavya and its stage of application on yield and quality of organic blackgram . Treatments Yield (kg ha -1 ) Protein content in seed (%) Seed Straw Biological Doses of panchagavya Control 519 1272 1791 20.63 Panchagavya 2% 686 1512 2198 21.17 Panchagavya 4% 801 1735 2536 22.36 Panchagavya 6% 715 1534 2249 21.52 Panchagavya 8% 697 1519 2217 21.45 Panchagavya 10% 690 1505 2195 21.31 \Indigenous panchagavya 2% 681 1512 2193 21.18 SEm± 20 59 68 0.30 C.D.5% 57 168 193 0.84 Stage of panchagavya application Branching 635 1470 2105 20.75 Flowering 667 1451 2118 20.99 Branching + Flowering 751 1617 2368 22.37 SEm± 13 38 44 0.19 C.D.5% 37 110 127 0.55 Udaipur, Rajasthan Choudhary et. al., 2017

46. From the foregoing discussion, it can be concluded that the application of Liquid organic preparations can be prepared easily by locally available materials in rural areas and contains higher number of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes, N fixers, P solubilizers, growth hormones as well as macro and micro nutrients. Liquid organic manures as soil or foliar application shows profound effect on growth, yield and quality of crops, improves biological and chemical properties of soils and helps in achieving higher income when applied alone or in combination with organic manures or reduced amount of chemical fertilizers.

47. 33