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1. RECORDS MANAGEMENT DATA BASE MANAGEMENT SYSTEM (DBMS)

2. RECORDS MANAGEMENT Records management refers to the practice of organizing, storing, and managing an organization's records throughout their lifecycle. It involves the systematic control of records from their creation or receipt, through their processing, distribution, maintenance, and disposition. Records management ensures that records are properly organized, easily accessible, and maintained in a secure and compliant manner. It helps organizations effectively manage their information assets, ensure regulatory compliance, facilitate decision-making, and preserve valuable records for future reference.

3. TERMINOLOGIES DATA can be defined as facts, statistics, or information that are collected together for reference, analysis, or calculation. DATABASE is an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically. APPLICATION PROGRAMS, also known as applications or software applications, are computer programs designed to perform specific tasks or provide specific functionality to users. AN INTERFACE, in the context of computing, is a shared boundary across which two separate components of a computer system exchange information

4. DATA Data can be defined as facts, statistics, or information that are collected together for reference, analysis, or calculation. Fact, is a statement or piece of information that can be proven or verified as true. Facts are objective and can be supported by evidence or data. Statistics – a branch of mathematics dealing with the collection, analysis, interpretation, and presentation of masses of numerical data Information – knowledge obtained from investigation, study or instruction Reference – the act of referring or consulting; a source of information (such a book or passage) to which a reader or consulter is referred Calculation – the process or an act of calculating Calculating – marked by prudent analysis

5. HARDWARE Hardware refers to the physical components of a computer system or electronic device. It encompasses all the tangible parts that you can see and touch. Hardware is responsible for the input, processing, storage, and output of data within a computer system. Here are some examples of hardware components: 1. Central Processing Unit (CPU): The CPU is the brain of the computer, responsible for executing instructions and performing calculations. It interprets and carries out the commands of a computer program.

6. SOFTWARE Software refers to the set of instructions or programs that tell a computer how to perform specific tasks and operations. It is a non-tangible component of a computer system that enables the hardware to function and carry out desired functions. Software can be categorized into two main types: system software and application software.

7. DEFINITION OF TERMS A database is an organized collection of data stored and accessed electronically. It's designed to hold data, organize it in a logical manner, and make it easy to manage, control, update, and retrieve when needed. Databases can handle data that includes text, numbers, images, and other types of information. DATABASE

8. INTERFACE An interface, in the context of computing, is a shared boundary across which two separate components of a computer system exchange information. This exchange can occur between software, computer hardware, peripheral devices, humans, and combinations of these. There are various types of interfaces, including: 1. User Interface (UI): This is the space where interactions between humans and machines occur. It can include display screens, keyboards, a mouse, and the appearance of a desktop.

9. APPLICATION PROGRAMS Application programs, also known as applications or software applications, are computer programs designed to perform specific tasks or provide specific functionality to users. They are created to fulfill various needs, such as productivity, entertainment, communication, and more. Application programs can be categorized into different types based on their purpose and functionality. Some common types of application programs include: 1. Word Processing Programs: These programs are used for creating, editing, and formatting text documents, such as Microsoft Word or Google Docs.

10. PROGRAMS In the context of computing, a program, also known as software or computer program, is a set of instructions that tells a computer how to perform a specific task or series of tasks. It is a sequence of instructions written in a programming language that is executed by a computer or other computing devices. Programs can be classified into different types based on their purpose and functionality. Some common types of programs include: 1. Operating System (OS) Programs: These programs manage computer hardware and software resources and provide a platform for other programs to run. Examples include Windows, macOS , and Linux.

11. DATABASE ENGINE A database engine, also known as a database management system (DBMS), is a software system that provides the tools and functionality to manage and manipulate databases. It serves as an interface between the user or application and the underlying database, facilitating the storage, retrieval, and manipulation of data. The database engine is responsible for handling tasks such as data organization, storage, retrieval, indexing, security, and concurrency control. It provides a set of functions and commands that allow users or applications to interact with the database, perform queries, insert, update, and delete data, and manage the overall structure and integrity of the database.

12. DATABASE SCHEMA A database schema is a logical blueprint or structure that defines the organization, layout, and relationships of a database. It represents the overall design and structure of a database, including tables, columns, data types, constraints, and relationships between tables. The database schema defines the framework for organizing and storing data in a structured manner. It determines the rules and constraints that govern the data and ensures data integrity and consistency. The schema also defines the access permissions and security settings for different users or roles.

13. CONCURRENCY Concurrency refers to the ability of a system or program to handle multiple tasks or processes simultaneously or in overlapping time intervals. It allows for the execution of multiple tasks concurrently, making the most efficient use of available resources and improving overall system performance. In the context of computing, concurrency can be achieved through various techniques, such as multitasking, multithreading, or parallel processing.

14. DATA INTEGRITY Data integrity refers to the accuracy, consistency, and reliability of data over its entire lifecycle. It ensures that data remains complete, valid, and reliable throughout its creation, storage, retrieval, and modification processes. Maintaining data integrity is crucial for organizations as it ensures that the data they rely on is trustworthy and accurate.

15. CHANGE MANAGEMENT Change management in the context of database administration refers to the process of planning, implementing, and controlling changes to a database system in a structured and controlled manner. It involves managing modifications, updates, and upgrades to the database infrastructure, schema, configuration, or application code to ensure smooth transitions and minimize disruptions to the database environment. The goal of change management in database administration is to maintain the stability, integrity, and performance of the database system while introducing necessary changes. It involves assessing the impact of changes, planning and coordinating the implementation, and monitoring the results to ensure that the changes are successful and meet the desired objectives. Here is an example of change management in database administration: Let's consider a scenario where a company decides to upgrade its database management system from an older version to a newer version.

16. BACKUP In DBMS (Database Management System), a backup refers to the process of creating a copy of the database or its components to protect against data loss or corruption. It involves making duplicate copies of the database files, transaction logs, or other relevant data to ensure that a restored version of the database can be used in case of a failure, disaster, or accidental deletion. Backups are essential in database management for several reasons: 1. Data Recovery: Backups serve as a means to recover data in the event of data loss due to hardware failures, software errors, human errors, or natural disasters. By having a backup, organizations can restore the database to a previous state and minimize the impact of data loss.

17. RECOVERY In DBMS (Database Management System), recovery refers to the process of restoring a database to a consistent and usable state after a failure or a system crash. The recovery process aims to recover the database to a point where data integrity is maintained, and the database can continue functioning without data loss or corruption. There are two main components of recovery in DBMS: 1. Undo Recovery (Rollback): Undo recovery, also known as rollback, involves undoing or reversing the changes made by incomplete or uncommitted transactions. When a failure occurs, any transactions that were in progress but not yet committed need to be rolled back to maintain data consistency. This ensures that the database is restored to a state as if the transaction had never occurred.

18. ROLLBACK In DBMS (Database Management System), rollback refers to the process of undoing or reversing the changes made by an incomplete or uncommitted transaction. It is a part of the recovery process and is used to restore the database to a consistent state after a failure or system crash. When a transaction is in progress but has not yet been committed, it may encounter an error, a system failure, or be explicitly rolled back by the user or application. In such cases, the changes made by the transaction need to be undone to maintain data consistency and integrity.

19. LOGGING In DBMS (Database Management System), logging refers to the process of recording and storing a sequential record of all the changes made to a database. It involves capturing the details of transactions, including the before and after values of data items modified by the transactions.

20. AUDITING In DBMS (Database Management System), auditing refers to the process of monitoring and recording activities and operations performed on a database.

21. STORAGE In DBMS (Database Management System), storage refers to the physical or logical components and mechanisms used to store and manage data within a database. It involves the organization, allocation, and management of data on storage devices, such as hard drives, solid-state drives, or cloud storage. Storage in DBMS plays a crucial role in ensuring the availability, reliability, and performance of the database system.

22. APPLICATION PROGRAMMING INTERFACE (API) In DBMS (Database Management System), an API (Application Programming Interface) refers to a set of rules and protocols that allow applications to interact with the database system. It provides a standardized interface for communication and enables developers to access, manipulate, and retrieve data from the database. APIs in DBMS serve as a bridge between the application layer and the database layer, allowing applications to send requests and receive responses from the database.

23. OVERHEAD In general terms, overhead refers to the additional or extra costs, time, resources, or effort required to perform a task or achieve a goal. It represents the indirect or supplementary expenses or burdens associated with a particular activity or process. In various contexts, overhead can refer to different aspects:

24. ITERATION I teration, in general, refers to the act of repeating a process or a set of steps multiple times. It involves performing a series of actions or operations in a loop until a specific condition is met or a desired outcome is achieved.