Jute and tomato seed production

seed production

1. welcome

2. Submitted To: Dr. C.A.Babariya, Assistant Professor Dept. of SST College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh. Submitted By: Vekariya Tarang A. Reg. No. – 2010116131 M.Sc.(Agri.), GPB College of Agriculture, JAU, Junagadh. Seed production of jute

3. JUTE SEED PRODUCTION

4. Scientific Name : corchorus capsularis corchorus olitorius Family : Tiliaceae Chromosome no. : 2n = 14 Centre of origin : indo Burma and Africa Mode of pollination : self pollination Out crossing % : 2 – 12 % Wild species : c. trilocularis c. tridens c. fascicularis

5. Corchorus olitorius Corchorus capsularis

6. JUTE is also Known as the Golden Fiber. Jute is an important natural fibre cash crop just like cotton crop and grows well in hot and moist climate . In India, Ganga delta region is excellent for jute cultivation as this region has fertile A lluvium soil & favourable temperature along with sufficient rainfall. Jute is also known as golden fibre. introduction

7. Soil: Alluvial sandy loam, clay loamy soils are best suited for jute production . C. capsularis jute can grow even in standing water especially towards the latter part of its growth. C. olitorius jute will not thrive in standing water. The latter is more drought resistant and is therefore grown on lighter soils.

8. Field should be ploughed and cross harrowed 5-6 times followed by planking until a fine seed bed with good tilth is obtained Soil moisture- 21-45% In case of acidic soils, liming should be done 4-6 weeks before sowing at the rate of 7-15 quintal per hectare FIELD PREPARATION

9. Seed treatment- captan or ceresan @ 5g per kg of seed Sowing time- starts from the month of February and extends to middle of June in some parts of india White jute- March- April Tossa jute- April – May April sowing gives the best result. SEED AND SOWING

10. Broadcasting due to small seed size. Some time vegetative propagation also used for jute seed production. sowing method

11. Jute type   Seed rate (kg/ha) Spacing (cm) No. of Plants/ Sq. Mtr . Line Sowing Broad Casting C. o litorius   5  7 25  x 5  80 C. capsularis  7  10 30  x 5  67

12. It is normally self pollinated crop but 2-3 % natural crossing is available in c. capsularis and 10-12% in c. olitorius. Certified 50 m isolation distance Foundation 30 m isolation distance Isolation:

13. MANURES AND FERTILISERS FYM : 5-8 tones per hectare incorporated one month before sowing Nitrogen application : 20-60 kg N per ha for olitorius, 40-80 kg N per ha for capsularis Usually top dressed in one or two installments at 4 to 5 weeks crop age when requirement is highest Phosphorus and potassium application : 20-40 kg P2O5 per ha, 20-60 kg K2O per ha

14. Roughing for off type plant, disease and pest infected plants should be carried out three time. 30-40 days of sowing bud or flowering stage capsule formation stage Roughing:

15. Jute cultivation requires good water resource(500 to 600 mm of water) and plenty of sunshine . As soon as sowing is completed, carry out the first irrigation. Life irrigation should be given on 5th day after sowing. Subsequent irrigations should be given with 2 weeks interval . Irrigation:-

16. WEED MANAGEMENT Weed infestation is maximum up to sixth weeks crop age First weeding- 2-3 weeks after sowing when plants are 7-10 cm high and thin out extra seedlings to a spacing of 3-4 cm between two plants Second weeding- 5-6 weeks crop age when plants are 14-15 cm high and maintain plant to plant distance of 5-7 cm within a row Chemical control – application of fluchloralin( Basalin) at the rate of 1 kg a.i. per ha in 1000 liters of water as pre – plant is very effective.

17. Seedling blight Root rot Stem rot Collar rot These all above diseases are caused by Macrophomina phaseoli . Control: Seed treatment for 10 min in a closed container with captan @ 5 g /kg of seed , apply lime and potash in areas with red and acid soils , spray bavistin @ 1 g/ litre of water at the first appearance of symptoms. Diseases:-

18. Anthracnose of Capsularis- c/o – Colletotrichum corchorum Anthracnose of Olitorius- c/o- Colletotrichum gloeosporioides Control: spray the crop twice a week with 0.2% blitox solution. Stem gall – c/o – Physoderma corchori ( olitorius types are more susceptible) Control: Avoid submergence conditions , grow capsularis types in such areas

19. Jute Semi- Looper Jute stem weevil Bihar hairy caterpillar Tobacco caterpillar Indigo caterpillar Yellow mite Jute girdler Red mite Root knot nematode Insect Pests:

20. The seed crop is ready for harvest in oct. to nov. when seed pods become brown. Harvesting must be done at proper stage of maturity. Delay harvesting may loss in yield due to shattering. In c. capsularis good quality seed is obtained by harvesting when stem and pods are not dead ripe.so several hand cuttings are necessary. In c. olitorius good quality seed is obtained by harvesting when stem and pods are dead ripe. Harvesting and threshing:

21. The crop should be harvested with a sharp sickle during the morning hours. Bend the plant as little as possible and do not jerk it to avoid shattering. It is advisable to place the bundles on canvases so as to collect the seed that shatters. Sun dry bundles before threshing. Threshing should be done by beating the capsules with sticks. Precautions should be taken to avoid contact of seed with soil. This spoils the appearance of seed and may increase the moisture of seed which cause the problems in storage. After threshing the seed should be sun dried until they reach a moisture content below 9%.

22.   Green plant weight yield is 45 to 50 tonnes per hectare Fiber yield is 2.0 to 2.5 tonnes per hectare . Pod yield and fiber yield: SEED YIELD: Capsularis : 4-5 Q./ha Olitorius : 3 Q./ha

23. PRODUCTION PROCESS OF FIBRE FROM JUTE: Harvesting Cleaning of fiber Drying Bleaching

24. RC 321 JRC 212 JRC 7447 D 154 JRC 110 JRO 632 JRO 878 JRO 7835 JRO 620 Varieties of jute

25. Hybrid in jute

26. It has been developed by crossing between JRO 620 and sudan green. It has red colour pigment. Non shattering pods and resistance to premature flowering. Sowing Time : Mid March to Last April                             Seed rate : 2.5-3kg. / acre. 12-14  ft. tall erect, disease tolerant plant. Early variety. Stem colour is red before maturity. 130-140 days to ready for harvest. Best quality olitorius class. Suitable for row or direct sowing cultivation in medium land. 12-14 qtl ./acre yield in proper field management. JRO - 878 ( Chaitali Tosa ) 

27. JRO 7835 and JRO 524 is another hybrids of jute which is both green in colour. JRO 7835 (Basudev) has been developed by crossing between JRO 635 and sudan green. JRO 524 (Navin) has been developed by crossing between sudan green and JRO 635.

28. Hybrid Seed Production in Tomato

29. TOMATO (Lycopersicum esculentus) Tomato is one of the most important vegetable crops grown extensively in the tropical and subtropical belts of the world. It is grown mainly fresh market and to a little extent for processing. Increased attention is now being bestowed to breeding and production of tomato. Production of tomato can further be increased if improved cultural practices are combined with good quality seeds.

30. BOTANY Tomato is a typical day neutral plant. It requires temperature of 15-20° C for fruit setting. Tomato is self pollinated crop. Self fertilization is favoured by the position of receptive stigma within the cone anthers and the normal pendant position of the flower.

31. METHOD OF SEED PRODUCTION Seed to Seed

32. STAGES OF SEED PRODUCTION

33. VARIETIES (HYBRID) COTH-1 Pant Hybrid-10 Arka Vardan Arka Abhijit Rupali Pant Hybrid-2 Pusa Hybrid-l-4 Navell 1 &2 Sonali Arka Shreshta

34. SEASON May - June November - December

35. LAND REQUIREMENT Selection of suitable land for tomato seed production is important where the previous crop should not be the same variety to avoid the contamination due to the volunteer plants.

36. SEED RATE For F1 hybrid – Male parent 25 g/ha Female parent 100 g/ha.

37. NURSERY Sow the seeds in raised nursery bed of 20 cm height, in rows of 5 cm gap and covered with sand. Eight and ten nursery beds will be sufficient to transplant one acre. Apply 2 kg of DAP 10days before pulling out of seedling.

38. TRANSPLANTING Transplanting should be done with the seedlings are 20-25 days old, preferably at evening time. Spacing is 60 x 45 cm 90 x 60 cm for female parent of hybrids. 60 x 45 cm for male parent of hybrids.

39. MANURING After thorough preparation of a field to fine tilth A pply 25 tons of FYM per ha. Apply 100 : 100: 100 Kg of NPK/ha of which, 50% of the N is applied

40. PLANTING RATIO For hybrid seed production, the female and male parents are normally planted in the ratio of 12:1 or 12:2

41. PEST AND DISEASE MANAGEMENT The major pests attacking tomato crop are leaf eating caterpillars and fruit borers, which can be controlled by spraying. The major diseases in tomato are early blight and mosaic virus. The early blight rot can be controlled by spraying Benlate or Dithane M-45.

42. HARVESTING The fruits are harvested after full maturity of the fruit when turn in to red color fruits from first and last one or two harvests should not be used for seed extraction.

43. STAGES OF MATURATION

44. SEED EXTRACTION The fruits from in between 6-7 harvest should be used for seed extraction. The seed viability is depends on the method on which the seeds were extracted and hence, it is more important to choose proper methods of seed extraction. Before seed extraction, the fruits are to be graded for true to type and selection of medium to large size fruits for getting higher recovery of quality seeds.

45. ACID METHOD OF SEED EXTRACTION The acid method of seed extraction is the best method for tomato seed extraction. In this method, the fruits are to be crushed into pulp and taken in a plastic containers (or) cement tank. And then add 30 ml of commercial Hydrochloric acid per kg of pulp, stir well and allow it for ½ hour. In between this duration the pulp may be stirred well for one or two times. This facilitates the separation of seed and pulp. After ½ hour, the seeds will settle down at the bottom and then the floating fraction is to be removed. The collected seeds should be washed with water for three or four times.

46. ACID SEED EXTRACTION

47. FERMENTATION METHOD

48. COMPARISON OF DIFFERENT SEED EXTRACTION METHODS

49. Drying, Grading & Storage Drying and grading Seeds are to be dried in the shade. It should never be dried in hot sun. the safe moisture content of the seed for grading is 8 to 9 per cent. Seeds can be graded using 6/64’’ round perforated sieve. Storage The seeds dried to safe moisture content after treating either with captan or thiram @ 2 g/kg can be stored for 15 months in moisture vapour pervious containers, while it can be stored in moisture vapour proof containers for 30 months.

50. Hybrid seed production 1.Emasculation and Dusting Emasculation is done before the anthers are mature and the stigma has become receptive to minimize accidental self pollination. Thus emasculation is generally done in the evening, between 4 PM and 6 PM one day before the anthers are expected to dehisce or mature and the stigma is likely to become fully receptive. Emasculate the bud by hand with the help of needle and forceps. Remove the calyx , corolla and staminal column or anthers, leaving gynoecium i.e., stigma and style intact in the flower. Selection of flower

51. Emasculated flowers should be covered immediately with red coloured paper cover to protect against contamination from foreign pollen and also for easy identification of emasculated bud during dusting. Remove the red paper cover of the emasculated bud and dust the pollen gently over the stigmatic surface using cotton or camel brush, etc ., Removal of anther cone Removal of corolla

52. After dusting, the emasculated flowers are again covered with white or other coloured paper cover for two to three days. Pollen collected from one male flower can be used for dusting 5 to 7 emasculated flowers. Emasculated flower Dusting of pollen

53. Pollen Collection Male flower Collected flower Drying of flower Collection of pollen I Collection of pollen II Pollen for hybrid crosses

54. Certification of Seeds Number of Inspections   A minimum of three inspections shall be made as follows:   The first inspection shall be made before flowering on order to verify isolation, volunteer plants, and other relevant factors, The second inspection shall be made during flowering to check isolation, offtypes and other relevant factors   The third inspection shall be made at maturity and prior to harvesting to verify true nature of plant and other relevant factors

55. THANKYOU!