Karst topography

Karst topography

1. Presentation On Karst Topography Presented By Ahmad Raza Y18251003 ( M.Tech 1 st Sem ) Under the Guidance Of Prof. P.K. Kathal Department of Applied Geology Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidyalaya , Sagar (M.P.)

2. CONTENTS Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar What is Karst topography? World Distribution of Karst Factors Affecting Karst Condition Essential to Development Erosional Landforms Depositional Landforms Karst Cycle of Erosion Why Karst is Important ? References

3. WHAT IS KARST TOPOGRAPHY ? Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar The word ‘ Karst ’ is a comprehensive term applied to limestone or dolomite areas that possess a topography fixed to and dependent upon underground solution and diversion of surface waters to underground routes. The term comes from the narrow strip of limestone plateau in Yugoslavia and adjacent portion of Italy bordering the Adriatic sea ( Wray, 1992).

4. WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF KARST AREAS & CARBONATAE ROCK Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar

5. WORLD DISTRIBUTION OF KARST AREAS & CARBONATAE ROCK Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Important Karst Areas All State Of United States Southern France Spanish Andularia Yuctan In Mexico Jamaica Western Cuba South East Asia Western Australia Karst Area In India In Himalyan Area Tapkeswer Temple In Deharadun Bheemkund , Arjunkund & Pachmarhi In Mp Bastar District ,Chhattisgarh Yana  Uttarakanada District Of Karnataka Mawsmai Cave At Cherrapunji

6. CONDITIONS ESSENTIAL TO FULL DEVELOPMENT OF KARST Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Presence of soluble rock preferably limestone at or near the ground surface . The soluble rock should be massive, dense, highly jointed and preferably thinly bedded. Existence of entrenched valley below uplands underlain by soluble and well jointed rocks. The region must support moderate to abundant rainfall. The position of soluble rock(limestone) must be above the ground water table, so that surface drainage may disappear through sink. Considerable relief so that water is capable of circulation to cause typical karst topography .

7. FACTORS AFFECTING KARST TOPOGRAPHY Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Lithology – solubility ,nature of resistance and widespread distribution. Structure – secondary permeability e.g. joints , fractures. Relief . Hydrogeology - carbon dioxide ,water , calcium carbonate . Climate – temperature and moisture . Vegetation . pH content of water . Time . Dissolution Reactions H 2 O + CO 2 H 2 CO 3 (CARBONATION) CaCO 3 + H 2 CO 3 Ca 2+ + 2HCO 3 –

8. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS OF KARST Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Terra Rossa - Red clayey soil found along joint ( moderate slope). Lapies – small solution furrows with pitted & rugged surface (horizontal surface). Depth- 1 cm to 1 m.

9. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS OF KARST Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Sinkholes - Shallow depressions, funnel shaped, 10 feet – 30 feet. Dolines – circular solution depressions, formed along intersection joints (solution sinks) . Solution pan – large width but shallow dolines .

10. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS OF KARST Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Swallow Holes – surface opening through which water enters a sinkholes. Uvalas – large depressions due to merging of sinkholes, have irregular floor.

11. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS OF KARST Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Polje – Elongated basin, flat floor with alluvium, steep enclosing walls, Cave & Caverns – Natural subterranean runway voids, large dimension voids below ground surface formed by solution activity and abrasion along jointing plains.

12. EROSIONAL LANDFORMS OF KARST Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Natural bridge – collapse of roof of caves. - disappearance of surface streams as subterranean streams and reappearance of subterranean stream on the ground surface.

13. DEPOSITIONAL LANDFORMS Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar DRIPSTONES Stalactites & Stalagmites Column Soda straw Helictites & H eligmites

14. KARST CYCLE OF EROSION Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar It is a special phase of normal fluvial cycle (Davis, 1930). Three stages 1. Youth stage – The enlargement of sink holes and swallow holes into dolines surface drainage starts disappearing underground through different sinks or blind valleys. Features are sinkholes, swallow holes, dolines , lapies , blind valleys, sinking creeks, caves and caverns of smaller dimension. 2. Mature stage - Total disappearance of surface drainage underground. The surface drainage disappears underground through dolines and blind valleys. 3. Old stage - The cave roofs are totally collapsed and ridges with pitted surface between uvalas are considerably narrowed down and reduced in height.

15. WHY KARST IS IMPORTANT ? Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Geotechnical studies – construction of towns, roadways, railways, bridges, buildings etc. Water movements studies – underground drainage systems, drinking water springs. Paleoclimatic studies – karst topography reflects a particular settings of climatic conditions mention earlier. Recreational activities - Although most of the caves located in National Parks are protected, there are over 200 commercial show caves nationwide which are open to the public.

16. KARST TOPOGRAPHY SUMMARY Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar

17. References Dr. Harisingh Gour Vishwavidalaya, Sagar Principles of Geomorphology 2 nd edition- William D. Thornbury Fundamental of Geomorphology 4 th edition- Richard John Huggett https://www.alamy.es/curiosamente-en-forma-de-cascada-de-estalactitas-y-estalagmitas-en-cueva-de-estalactita-en-cheow-lago-leman-de-tailandia-phuket-khao-sok-np-image283717376.html https://www.researchgate.net/figure/First-karst-aquifer-map-of-the-Indian-subcontinent-and-the-Himalaya-region-with-location_fig2_327769477

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