kidney stones types, complications, symptoms

kidney stones

1. Kidney stones (Nephrolithiasis) is the formation of hard crystalline , a solid mineral within the kidney of urinary tract. Urine naturally contains substances that promote the development of crystals. These include calcium, oxalate, sodium, phosphorus, and uric acid. When these excess minerals can no longer dissolve , they from stones. These stones cause many problems by blocking the urinary tract, causing a kidney malfunction and causing infections in some cases Kidney stones vary in size from a few millimeters to several centimeters. What is a kidney stone?

2. There are different types of stones: Calcium stones (occurs in people with high levels of vit D or overactive parathyroid glands) Uric acid stones (occurs due to too much uric acid in the urine, a diet high in protein) Struvite stones (forms after urinary tract infection) Cystine stones (hereditary) Types of kidney stones

3. How kidney stones are formed Increased urinary supersaturation (hyperoxaluria, hypercalciuria, low urine volume and increased urine pH) Oxidative stress Crystal growth Crystal aggregation Crystal retention Stone formation and growth

4. CaOX crystal deposition in kidney and urine Urinary calcium, oxolate and phosphate Urinary citrate and creatinine clearance Serum urea and creatinine clearance Urinary output and pH Urolithiasis Kidney stones Ureteral stones Bladder stones Urethral stones

5. Symptoms of kidney stones Abdominal or groin pain Blood in urine (Hematuria) Urinating difficulty that causes penile pain or testicular pain Fever, chills from infection Infection causes cloudy or foul smelling urine

6. Complications of kidney stones Kidney stones can block the ureters or make them narrower. This increases the risk of infection , or urine may build up and put added strain on the kidneys . People with blockages in their urinary tract, such as a kidney stone, are more likely to get UTIs. An enlarged prostate gland in a man can also block the flow of urine and cause a UTI. In urolithiasis (kidney stones in urinary tract), the calculi deposition in urinary tract obstructs glomerular filtration rate (GFR) and consequently urine outflow decreases. Due to this, the waste products particularly nitrogenous substances like creatinine and BUN may get accumulated in blood.

7. Complications of kidney stones The elevated level of nitrogenous substances in serum also indicates possibility of damage to the kidneys Cystitis is most often caused by a bacterial infection of the bladder, but it can also occur as a reaction to certain treatments or irritants such as radiation treatment, hygiene sprays, or spermicides. Common symptoms of cystitis include dysuria (urination accompanied by burning, discomfort, or pain), pyuria (pus in the urine), hematuria (blood in the urine), and bladder pain.